Emei martial arts originated in Mount Emei, Sichuan, and got its name from Mount Emei, Sichuan. It has a history of nearly 3,000 years. There are many schools, hundreds of boxing styles, and profound martial arts. It is widely spread throughout Sichuan and has become a synonym for Sichuan martial arts. It is also the general name of martial arts in the entire southwest region. On June 7, 2008, it was announced by the State Council as the "Second Batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage List". The word "Emei" was first seen in the Western Zhou Dynasty more than 700 years BC. More than 2,000 years ago, people went to the mountain to live in seclusion. According to relevant historical research, Mount Emei is a Taoist paradise. Among the 36 caves, it ranks seventh and is revered by Taoism as the seventh cave. According to historical records, Emperor Xuanyuan Huangdi "asked for the way in Mount Emei" and succeeded in practicing Taoism. He ascended to heaven on a dragon in broad daylight at Dinghu Lake. "Wei Zhi Shi Lao Ji" records: "The source of Taoism comes from Laozi. He taught Xuanyuan in Emei and taught Emperor Ku in Mude. Dayu heard the secret of longevity, and Yin Xi received the purpose of morality." The "Chun Yang Temple" in Mount Emei was originally the Taoist temple "Lv Xian Xing Temple". The original stone tablet text preserved in the temple is recorded in the "Emei County Chronicles" (1991, Sichuan People's Publishing House): Since the Jin Dynasty, the Taoist priests in Mount Emei have not lived in stone caves, but built temples to practice; after the Tang Dynasty, they rarely made elixirs and took medicine, and focused on self-cultivation; after the Song Dynasty, some Taoist priests cultivated internal strength by refining qi; it reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty, and a few Taoist priests with superb internal strength combined with boxing skills evolved into Emei martial arts. The Taoist thought of "Tao follows nature, nature does nothing" has profoundly influenced Emei martial arts, and all Taoist priests who practice Emei martial arts respect these teachings. Its concepts of "purity and inaction", "returning to simplicity and truth", "conforming to nature", and "valuing softness" have a great influence and promotion on Emei martial arts. Taoists are good at Daoyin, or health-preserving techniques, and pay attention to alchemy, breathing, and taking medicine. Through internal training methods such as "breathing, guiding, sitting and forgetting, fasting, and keeping oneness", they can achieve the state of "intention", "qi", and "spirit" and realize "harmony between man and nature". The foundation of these Taoist internal skills was later developed into "qigong", which was gradually integrated into martial arts and became the internal skills of martial arts. Confucianism is the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and has a history of thousands of years. Its core ideas of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, trust, forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, and brotherhood" have become the basic requirements for monks and Taoists, especially monks and Taoists who practice martial arts. They use it as "martial virtue" to restrain their behavior and become the morality and precepts of Emei martial arts. The Confucianists in Mount Emei are mainly represented by Lu Tong, a madman from Chu. Lu Tong, whose name is Jieyu, was a native of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and was a contemporary of Confucius. According to the "Biography of High Scholars" written by Huang Fumi in the Jin Dynasty, "Jieyu avoided the engagement of the King of Chu, and his wife went to Shu and hid in Emei, and no one knew where he ended up." The place where he lived is called "Gefengtai", and its remains are now next to Shenshui Pavilion. According to legend, Pu Gong of the Eastern Han Dynasty donated his private residence to a Buddhist temple and built two temples on the mountain. One was called Puguang Hall, which was later expanded to Guangxiang Temple and renamed Yongming Huazang Temple in the Ming Dynasty; the other was called Chudian, which is still on Luofengling. According to historical records, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism was introduced to Mount Emei, and the temple was changed to a temple, becoming the Samantabhadra Dojo of the Buddhists. According to legend, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the monk Baozhang from the Western Regions came to Mount Emei to preach and lived at the foot of Tianchi Peak. Its ruins are now the Qianfo Zen Temple (i.e. Hongchunping). After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism flourished, and the number of temples increased and expanded. During the heyday of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 170 temples of all sizes on the mountain, with temples on every peak and nunneries on every hill. The Buddhist ideology and culture that emphasizes "emptiness of nature", "action", "inaction" and "purity of mind" are the spiritual pillar and internal driving force for the development of Emei martial arts. The Emei martial arts practiced by monks, whether in terms of cultural connotation or practice methods, all reflect the characteristics of "Zen and martial arts integration". Emei martial arts has a very profound humanistic background. It encompasses the connotations of multiple cultures such as Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The origin and development of Emei martial arts are inseparable from the history of Buddhism and Taoism in Mount Emei. According to the "Emei Mountain Chronicles", the construction of Buddhist temples in Mount Emei began in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, among which the Heishui Temple built by Sengzhao in the Wei and Jin Dynasties was the earliest. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoism flourished. In addition to practicing Zen, chanting scriptures and worshiping Buddha, monks and Taoists often practiced boxing and kicking, guns and sticks, one to strengthen their bodies, and the other to protect the temples and courtyards. In the practice of boxing and sticks, they learned from each other, learned from each other's strengths and weaknesses, and each created new ways, thus gradually forming a unique Emei martial arts. Emei martial arts combines the strengths of Buddhism and Taoism. It absorbs both the dynamic exercises of Taoism and the static exercises of Buddhist meditation, thus creating a set of dynamic and static training methods. This method is combined with various boxing, equipment, free fighting and qigong. Later, some martial arts masters with unique skills came to Mount Emei to practice and travel, blending their own martial arts with the characteristics of Emei martial arts, learning from each other's strengths and weaknesses, integrating innovation, and forming a huge Emei martial arts system. According to historical records, Emei martial arts originated from the Shang Dynasty, was established in the Southern Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and was popular in modern times. According to relevant literature and data, there was a warrior named Situ Xuankong in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period who was the first person in Emei martial arts. He created a set of "Emei Tongbi Fist" and had many apprentices. Because he often wore white clothes, he was respected as the "White Ape Master". "History of Chinese Martial Arts" (written by Xi Yuntai, 1985, People's Sports Publishing House) records: "White Ape in the Warring States Period, surnamed Bai, named Shikou, with the word Yisan, and the name Donglingzi". The Sichuan Wushu Collection (1989, Sichuan Science and Technology Press) records: "Bai Yuangong, whose courtesy name was Yisan, was the Situ Xuankong of Mount Emei during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period". The Leshan Chronicles published in 2001 records that "Bai Yisan, according to legend, created the Emei Tongbiquan by imitating the movements of mountain apes during the Warring States Period. He was flexible in attack and defense and taught many disciples in Mount Emei". The Emei County Chronicles (1991, Sichuan People's Publishing House) also records: "During the Warring States Period, Bai Yuangong's disciple Xuankong (surname Bai, name Shikou, courtesy name Yisan, Taoist name Donglingzi) created the Emei Tongbiquan, and Yuangong's swordsmanship was passed down." The Wuyue Chunqiu Goujian Conspiracy Biography No. 9 by Zhao Ye of the Eastern Han Dynasty records that on the way to the court of Goujian, the King of Yue, the female knight Yue Nu held a sword and fought with an old man who called himself "Yuan Gong" with bamboo, "Yuan Gong flew up the tree and turned into a white ape". During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Taoism and Buddhism were introduced to Mount Emei. Taoists have developed a unique Taoist Qigong through long-term practice to cure diseases, strengthen the body and prolong life. Later, Buddhist monks integrated the method of meditation with Taoist Qigong and folk hunting skills, creating a unique monk martial arts in Mount Emei. According to the "Zen Zhen Yi Shi" compiled by Fang Ruhao of the Ming Dynasty: During the reign of Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty in the Northern Dynasties (534-549), Lin Shimao (491-618), a military general who was named "General Zhennan", went to Zhongfeng Temple in Mount Emei to become a monk in his later years. His Dharma name was Taikong, and his nickname was Danran. He used his nickname to travel around. His martial arts were superb, and he left behind the story of "killing a tiger and saving a woman". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Baiyun Zen Master, a monk from Mount Emei, absorbed the theories and experiences of Buddhism, Taoism and folk health preservation, summarized a whole set of unique methods such as exercises, elixirs, and acupressure, and founded the Emei School of Health Preservation (also known as the Emei Dandao School of Medical Health Preservation or Emei Linji Qigong); his kung fu can be used for health preservation and martial arts to defeat the enemy, and it belongs to the so-called "secret method", but it pays attention to the inheritance from master to apprentice, and oral transmission. The main ones include the Twelve Villages of Emei, the Emei Tiangang Finger Acupuncture Method, the Three Vehicles (the Zhoutian Moving Method, the Guiyi Qingjing Method), the Six Major Specialized Kung Fu (Tiger Step Kung Fu, Heavy Hammer Kung Fu, Shrinking the Earth Kung Fu, Hanging Bag Kung Fu, Finger Acupuncture Kung Fu, Nirvana Kung Fu), Xuanmen Big and Small Elixirs, New Silk Fist, etc.; this school emphasizes the transition from Taoism to Buddhism and the unity of Buddhism and Taoism. In Taoism, it is the Maoshan Shangqing School, and in Buddhism, it is the Linji lineage of Zen, one of the five major sects of Buddhism. Its influence is far-reaching. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there was an elder named Deyuan in Mount Emei. He was called "White Eyebrow Taoist" because of his high martial arts and pure white beard. Therefore, his boxing was called "White Eyebrow Boxing", which included the Big Cross, Small Cross, Three Gates Eight Diagrams, Nine Steps Push, Eighteen Mo Bridges, and Tiger Out of the Forest. Elder Deyuan also passed down the White Eyebrow Stick. His stick skills were simple and simple, focused on practicality, and combined with the essence of monks and Taoist martial arts, combined with his own experience, he compiled the book "Emei Boxing", which is the earliest textual material found about Emei martial arts. Emei martial arts began to form its own system. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Emei martial arts entered its heyday. Tang Shunzhi, a famous general who fought against Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty, wrote a poem called "Emei Taoist Boxing Song" in Volume 2 of "Collected Works of Mr. Jingchuan" to praise the real skills of Emei: "Buddhas are good at illusions and have many skills, and Shaolin boxing is rare in the world. The Taoist has come up with something new, which was taught by a white ape in the deep mountains. On that day, the autumn air was high in the thatched cottage, and the frost was thin and the wind was light, and the withered willows were still. Suddenly, the hair stood up and the foot was stepped on, and the rocks burst and the sand flew away. The star girl came and went, throwing the spirit shuttle, and the devil turned his green sleeves. The ghosts on the boats were playing with people, and the hair was grinding its teeth to catch animals. People were surprised I am invisible, and I may follow the elbow of the follower. The cleverness in danger makes everyone shocked, and the tricks in the clumsy are unknown. The Hanjing searched for the pole but was not quick, and the sea country was dizzy and shook in vain. Turning over and pointing directly at the sun, the car stopped, shrinking the head and drilling through the needle hole. The waist was broken and there was no bone, and the whole body was full of hands. It was like trying Jia Yong's skills, squatting and roaring like a lion. The interest was exhausted and looked at the shadow, but he felt sorry for himself. Would he let the secrets leak out? The rest of the wonders were over, and the breath was silent and the spirit was guarded. The Taoist's changes are unpredictable, jumping on the futon like a puppet". The whole song has 30 lines, each line has seven words, describing the strength, body movements, striking methods, breathing, rhythm and other aspects of the whole process of Emei boxing from the beginning to the end. It is the only special poem that has been found to praise Emei martial arts in a relatively comprehensive way. The military book "Wubeizhi" of the Ming Dynasty records: "- Ru, whose name is Chongdou, is from Xindu County, Sichuan. He once learned Emei spearmanship from Master Pu En in Emei Mountain." The "Records of the Surplus of Farming" written by Cheng Chongdou, a famous military strategist in the Ming Dynasty, recorded the skills of "Emei Spear" and "White Eyebrow Stick". Wu Shu, the successor of the Emei School in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in "Hand and Arm Records" and "Wuyin Records" that there are monographs on "Emei Spear", "Commentary on Emei Spear", "Original Preface to Emei Spear", "Attached Volume of Records of Emei Spear Escapement", etc., which wrote: "Pu En, a Zen master from Mount Emei in Western Shu, whose ancestors were white eyebrows, met a strange man who taught him spear skills. He set up an empty room and practiced for two years. Once he understood it, he became a god and traveled all over the world. No one can match him. I have eighteen stabs and twelve reverse hands. Both offensive and defensive, I can defeat all martial arts, so I call it Emei Spear", "Emei is remote in the southwest, and there are few people who follow me. I deeply regret it, so I wrote this record." There are chapters in spear techniques such as controlling the mind, controlling the body, moving, being still, attacking and defending, judging the situation, situation, being cautious, turning hands, piercing, breaking various weapons, body techniques, and general principles, which enriched the theory of Emei martial arts. After that, Emei martial arts continued to develop, with numerous types of boxing, many schools, and many masters, becoming an important branch of Chinese martial arts. According to the Sichuan Province Martial Arts Heritage Excavation and Sorting Group in 1983, it took five years to visit thousands of old boxers and excavated and sorted out 68 types of boxing (including one other boxing single routine) and schools, collected 1093 bare-handed routines, 518 weapon routines, 41 sparring routines, 276 training methods and 14 combat items. In the "Emei Boxing Manual" written by Master Zhanran of Bailong Cave in Emei Mountain in the early Qing Dynasty, it was written: "One tree blooms five flowers, five flowers and eight leaves support, the bright Emei moon, the glory fills the rivers and lakes." It fully shows that the content of Emei martial arts was extremely rich at that time. According to the understanding and introduction of the older generation of Emei martial artists, "leaf" mainly refers to the fighting style, "eight leaves" refers to the eight major schools of Emei martial arts, namely Seng, Yue, Zhao, Du, Hong, Zi, Hua, and Hui; "flower" mainly refers to the popular regional categories, and "five flowers" refers to the classification of boxing schools from the popular regions, namely Huangling School, Dianyi School, Qingcheng School, Tiefo School, and Qingniu School. In addition to the "five flowers and eight leaves" classification of Emei martial arts, experts have other different views: one is that today's Emei boxing belongs to Sichuan Southern Boxing; the second is that Emei martial arts should be "five dragons, seven skills, eight leaves, and twenty-four doors"; the third is that it should be divided into eight categories according to the content of techniques, movement forms, fighting characteristics and functions: Emei high-stack boxing, Emei short-stack boxing, Emei guest-frame boxing (also known as Emei Shaolin), Emei Faxiang boxing (also known as Xiangxing boxing), Emei school of soldiers (sports equipment), Emei buckle hand method (i.e. sparring), Emei San hand method (i.e. - fighting method) and Emei practice -. In addition, there are five types of Emei martial arts dragon-shaped boxing, namely the Qinglong boxing, Panlong boxing, Wulong boxing, Huolong boxing and Longxing boxing, which were formed in the Qing Dynasty, as well as the five tiger boxings of Emei martial arts, namely the Black Tiger boxing, White Tiger boxing, Tiger Claw boxing, Tiger Roaring boxing and String Tiger boxing, which have been sorted out. In addition, the Green Duck Taoist of Mount Emei in the late Tang and early Song dynasties created 12 sets of duck-shaped boxing according to the movements of ducks in the water, which are divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower; the "Bagua Fist (Bapan Palm)" created by the two Taoist priests Biyun and Jingyun of Mount Emei during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty; in the 54th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1789), the monks of Daping Temple in Mount Emei created the "Wandering Son Yanqing Fist"; in the 55th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1790), Shan Zeng imitated the momentum of the Azure Dragon and the White Crane and created the "Six Riding Fist"; in the late Qing Dynasty, the Taikong Master of Xianfeng Temple and his disciple Elder Shendeng and the Taoist priest Qingxu of Zizhi Cave jointly created the "Emei Ziwumen Martial Arts", which was named because the Taikong Master practiced at midnight and noon every day. In addition to the Ziwu Fist, there are also Ziwu Spear, Ziwu Knife, Ziwu Sword, Ziwu Stick and other weapons. Emei Sword Immortal School, referred to as Emei Sword School Internal Kung Fu, also known as Emei 24-door Xuanmen Kung Fu, is another branch of Emei martial arts. Its representative figure is recorded as Huiyun Zhenren (formerly known as He Enjiu) during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. The school's kung fu is based on the Taoist and Buddhist cultivation techniques, integrating qigong, boxing, equipment, and medicine, and combining kung fu with martial arts. There is a saying that "practicing kung fu is practicing boxing, and practicing boxing must bring kung fu"; there is also the Natural School, which is characterized by "no beginning of movement and stillness, endless changes, virtual and real, and natural". It is named because it "does not talk about, does not attach to appearance, takes qi as the return, and does not lose the original purpose of nature" when practicing, and has no fixed routines. It is recorded that the Emei martial arts eccentric Xu Aishi (Xu Xiake, Xu Shizu) first passed on the "North and South Great Heroes" Du Xinwu and others, and Du then passed on Wan Laisheng and others. It is said that Xu retired to Mount Emei in his later years. Emei martial arts also include "eighteen kinds of weapons" such as sword, spear, knife, halberd, axe, hatchet, hook, fork, halberd, hammer, claw, halberd, stick, lance, stick, crutch, meteor, etc. In addition to the "eighteen kinds" of Emei weapons, there are also "Emei thorn, night-walking knife, three-section stick, tiger-head hook, crescent shovel, meteor hammer, hook-sickle spear, whistle spear, Emei short stick, Qiankun circle, three-axe, iron ruler, , stool, palladium" and other strange weapons. Among the many weapons, Emei swordsmanship was the earliest and most famous, with a long history, and the people are called "Emei swordsman". Emei spear and Emei stick are also well-known. There are also many swordsmanship in Emei martial arts, and there is a saying that "magic swordsman" comes from Sichuan. There are many schools and styles of Emei martial arts, with rich contents and different styles and characteristics, but in summary, they are mainly characterized by "cultivating both inside and outside, controlling movement with stillness, and overcoming hardness with softness". Just as Zhou Qianchuan compiled the Secret of the Twelve Zhuangs of Qigong Therapy of Emei, the secret of heaven and earth Zhuanghe: "Like heaven, earth, round and empty, big and small opening and closing, wonderful in the heart. Unmoving is the true yin and yang, the treasure is unmoving, and the use is normal. Only the qi and pulse, unmoving and moving, the mind moves and the spirit is reached, opening and closing, descending and ascending. When descending, it is hehe, and when ascending, it is hissing, opening and closing are the same, and the elixir is here. Quiet as the autumn moon, moving like a hurricane, defeating the enemy politely, within the measure. Light as a feather, heavier than Mount Tai, invisible in use, body and use are one. Great is heaven and earth, the head of the twelve Zhuangs, silently understand the heart, and the value lies in hard work". It also expresses the principle of advocating both internal and external cultivation, emphasizing the posture of using stillness to control movement, and focusing on the use of softness to overcome hardness; - It requires the state of external training and internal cultivation of "the unity of spirit and qi", "the unity of spirit and pulse", and "the unity of spirit and solemnity". The opposition and unity of "hardness and softness, fast and slow, movement and stillness, virtual and real, high and low, light and heavy" in Emei martial arts are the specific style symbols of its boxing skills. "Hardness and softness" are particularly important in Emei martial arts. Boxing must be strong and powerful, with hardness in softness, hard but not stiff, and soft but not soft. Hardness refers to the exposure of the speed of muscle contraction and release, the appearance of the boxing style, and the force should be "suddenly erected and stopped, rocks burst and sands run away"; softness refers to the maximum extension and rotation or multi-axis movement of the main joints of the whole body, just like "a hundred folds and a waist without bones". The mutual change and reasonable use of hardness and softness are a major strength law for practicing Emei martial arts. "Fast and slow" is the specific expression of the rhythm of movement in Emei martial arts. Fast and slow should rely on each other and are the root of each other. There is fast only when there is slow, and there is slow only when there is fast. Most Emei boxing emphasizes "slow posture and fast punching". When it is slow, it is like the softness and slowness of a puppet, and when it is fast, it is like "the star girl throws the spirit shuttle, and her whole body is full of hands". This fighting principle of using speed to beat slow, using speed to control speed, waiting for the attack in slowness, and combining speed and slowness is exactly the expression of the movement style of Emei martial arts. "Movement and stillness" is "taking stillness as movement and being strange", "staying in silence is also moving", so there is "movement is extreme and stillness is sought, stillness is extreme and lively, stillness is sought in movement, and there is movement in stillness", and it emphasizes "movement and stillness have no beginning", which is one of the inherent principles of Emei martial arts. Movement is the scientific movement of the human body, which is the basic dynamic of Emei Wushu. It is manifested in the kicking, hitting, chopping, throwing, grabbing, stabbing, snatching, smashing and other techniques of fighting, as well as the twisting, rotating, swallowing, floating, and stretching of the body, as well as the movement, advance and retreat of the footwork; it is manifested in the smooth flow of qi and blood, the concentration of spirit, the agility of mind, the accuracy of judgment, and the timely reaction. Stillness is the formation of the law, that is, the posture of preparation and end of movement, which is a special form of accumulating strength and waiting for an opportunity to attack or defend. This kind of static form has a strong sense of attack and defense, forming a rich, beautiful and natural art form, just like "jumping on the futon like a puppet". "Void and reality" is a major style that Emei Wushu is good at using. Sichuan people are light and agile, and their original strength is not as strong as that of northerners. In actual combat, they often use "avoiding the real and attacking the virtual" to win by cleverness. When attacking, you should open up with the virtual, lure the enemy deep, and wait for an opportunity; when defending, you should close with the real, so that the enemy has no chance to attack. Emei martial arts emphasizes the existence of reality in the virtual and the existence of reality in the virtual. The virtual and the real are varied and changeable, making people unpredictable. The boxing manual says: "When the real hits the real, it is about brute force; when the virtual hits the virtual, it is empty; when the real hits the virtual, it hurts the bones and tendons; when the virtual hits the real, it saves energy". Therefore, when practicing boxing and competing, one must know the reality and the virtual, so that the boxing skills can be improved. "High and low" means that the changes in the structure of the action must be high and low. In Emei martial arts, there are high and low piles, full hands and short hands, and the body postures are stretched and contracted. The boxing manual says: "When the high hits the low, the long hand kills; when the low hits the high, go down; when the high and the low are not high, use fists and feet". It also says "When it comes high, pick it with your hands; when it comes low, kill it with your hands; when it is not high and the low is blocked with your hands". The practice style of Emei martial arts often has changes in ups and downs, twisting and folding, pitching and stretching. Therefore, there is a saying that "dragons walk like tigers, chicken bodies and monkey shapes, five fists and seven palms, and rocs and phoenixes soar". "Light and heavy" is another style of Emei martial arts that uses form to describe momentum. "Strong strikes are like a snake touching water" are light and agile, while "weak strikes are like a tiger pouncing on its food" are heavy and brave. Punching with qi destroys force, fast and powerful; kicking is like a wild horse's hoof; palm and finger acupuncture is like an arrow from a bow; swift steps are like a swallow flying through the clouds; momentum is as heavy as a mountain tripod; jumping and jumping are like monkeys climbing skills; still and calm are like a dragon coiling and a tiger crouching. Therefore, every move and momentum of Emei martial arts is as heavy as iron, and every method and style is as light as a leaf. Lightness is to highlight heaviness, and heaviness is the root of lightness. The lightness, heaviness, and urgency make the boxing skills practiced more perfect. Emeishan City is the hometown of martial arts in China. The Emeishan Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government attach great importance to the excavation, sorting, inheritance, promotion and development of Emei martial arts. Since 2005, a large amount of information on Emei martial arts has been collected and sorted out, and Emei martial arts has been declared as an intangible cultural heritage at the Emeishan City, Leshan City, Sichuan Province, and National levels, and a series of measures have been taken to protect and pass it on. (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.) (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.)