Chaoyang Paper Cutting

Guangdong
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Chaoyang paper-cutting is mainly distributed in the Chaoshan area of Guangdong Province, represented by Tongmeng, Xilu, Heping, Guiyu and other towns in Chaoyang District. The rise of Chaoyang paper-cutting is related to the Central Plains people who moved here. This style of paper-cutting mostly expresses auspicious themes such as auspiciousness, happiness, longevity, good fortune, succession of offspring, bumper harvests, and prosperity of livestock. It is generally used as decoration in activities such as parades, turning off lights during the Lantern Festival, worshipping the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival, wedding customs, ancestor worship, etc. to create a festive atmosphere. In addition, it also expresses some daily life content, such as flowers, birds, insects, fish, animals, folk legends, myths, opera characters, and ordinary people. In addition to the above varieties, Chaoyang paper-cutting also has some decorative small patterns, such as offering flowers and gift flowers. Chaoyang paper-cutting has flexible shapes, symmetrical composition, rigorous structure, fullness and not messy, especially the layout of "flowers in flowers" is the most characteristic, with a well-organized density and exquisiteness. Paper-cutting techniques are delicate and exquisite, with Yang shearing as the main method and Yin shearing in combination. The lines of Yang shearing are neat and delicate, while the lines of Yin shearing are thick and powerful. Coupled with the technique of "flowers in flowers", the expression is very rich. Since the 1980s, the Chaoyang District Government has organized forces to excavate, sort out, protect and study Chaoyang folk paper-cutting. In 1989, 181 pieces (sets) of nearly 500 patterns were sorted out, and the book "Chaoyang Folk Paper-cutting" was published. In 2003, more than 50 Chaoyang paper-cutting works were included in the books "Chinese Folk Art Collection Paper-cutting Volume", "Chinese Folk Auspicious Art Expo" and "Chaoshan Folk Art Collection Paper-cutting Volume". In 1997, Chaoyang District was named "Guangdong Provincial Ethnic Folk Art (Paper-cutting Art) Hometown" by the Guangdong Provincial Government. Now the main inheritors of Chaoyang folk paper-cutting are Zhang Peilong, Cai Mingying, Li Chanxian, etc. However, the average age of the old artists who are still alive is over 75 years old, and there is an urgent need for young people to join in and inherit. Chaozhou is a port city on the eastern coast of Guangdong Province. Chaozhou paper-cutting is mainly distributed in the eastern Guangdong region. It was popular in the Ming Dynasty, flourished in the Qing Dynasty, and reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Guangxu. An existing work from the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, "Bat" (Simapu Town, Chaozhou City), is cut with brown silk thread, and the craftsmanship is very delicate, indicating that Chaozhou paper-cutting has long reached a high level of art. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it became popular to build temples in Chaozhou. Under this background, paper-cutting was used as a kind of ornament in folk activities such as sacrifices, festivals, parades, weddings and funerals. Monks and nuns in temples also cut paper flowers to give to good men and women. As a result, Chaozhou paper-cutting has developed rapidly in temples. By the beginning of the 20th century, Chaozhou paper-cutting artists brought by nuns such as Jiang Genhe, Li Mulin, Yang Xueyou, Luo Ruiyu, Gu Qiuquan, and Xie Chuzhou played a role in local paper-cutting creation. After 1962, because there were no descendants of monks and nuns in the temples and few monks became monks, Chaozhou paper-cutting gradually lost its successors. The themes of Chaozhou paper-cutting include flowers, fruits, animals, people, landscapes, and text patterns, etc., with strong local cultural characteristics. Different paper-cutting artists often have different styles of expression, such as meticulous, bold, and elegant. In terms of form, Chaozhou paper-cutting can be divided into solid color, multi-color, positive carving, and negative carving. Chaozhou folk paper-cutting artists are good at stacking three or five pieces of colored paper together, skillfully using scissors, and cutting out various patterns with skilled techniques. For example, solid color paper-cutting gives full play to the characteristics of "cutting", with slender and beautiful lines and blocks, and uses exaggeration and deformation techniques to create lifelike artistic images. The scissors are very strong and decorative. One feature of solid color paper-cutting is that there is no draft. The artists only rely on memory and imagination, holding the paper in one hand and using the scissors in the other hand to directly cut out the pattern. This ingenious cutting method is very creative, with lively and varied shapes, and there are few repeated works. Multi-color paper-cutting uses multiple colored papers to cut out various parts of the image, and then merges them into a complete paper-cutting work, which is vivid, meticulous, and unique. There is a type of Chaozhou paper-cutting called "carved paper", which is made by placing patterns on colored paper or gold foil and carving with a carving knife. "Carved paper" is divided into color-lined paper-cutting and writing-material paper-cutting. Color-lined paper-cutting first carves the outline with gold foil or black paper, and then uses colored paper as the base; writing-material paper-cutting uses pure color paper or gold foil to carve the line skeleton of the image, and then uses color to paint the base. The most famous paper-cutting craft is the colored carved paper from Loujin Village, Raoping County. Colored carved paper is commonly known as "big money" and is used for worshipping gods and ancestors or parading gods. The content is mainly opera characters, birds, beasts, insects, fish, flowers, antiques, poetry, calligraphy, etc. People's lifestyles have changed a lot now. Chaozhou paper-cutting has gradually lost its previous living environment. There are less than ten well-known paper-cutting artists, and they are getting older. The traditional Chaozhou paper-cutting has no successors and needs to be rescued and protected.

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