Oroqen Shaman Rituals

Heilongjiang
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The Oroqen people believe in primitive shamanism. Male shamans are called "Nilo Shaman" and female shamans are called "Axi Shaman". The origins of shamans are: first, after falling ill, they make a wish to become a shaman, and after the shaman performs a shaman dance to recover from the illness, they fulfill their wish and become shamans; second, after the old shaman dies, his spirit will find another person to possess, and the person who finds can tell the old shaman's situation and can become a shaman. There are two types of shamans: "Ajiaoru" shamans and "Deleku" shamans. The former are clan shamans, with only one in a clan, while the latter are wandering shamans, and there can be several. Therefore, the Oroqen people regard the former as the true god, and their authority is higher than the latter. The number of gods worshipped by shamans varies, but they are generally called "Siwen". How many gods a shaman has can be seen from their "Dangshi" (a tool for registering various gods). A notch carved on the "Dangshi" represents a god. Every spring, the Oroqen people hold commemorative worship activities and entertaining worship and competition activities. After choosing the date and location, people prepared the offerings on time. The sacrificial ceremony began. The sacred drum was beaten three times. The shaman was led by two gods and followed by four guards. They walked around the gate. The shaman wore a sacred crown and a sacred robe. The sacred robe was decorated with shells and buttons. There were colorful ribbons on the belt around his waist. The front and back were hung with large and small bronze mirrors, weighing more than 100 kilograms in total. They jingled when he walked. The two gods announced the start of the ceremony. The shaman began to invite the gods and sang the "Inviting God Song" with the two gods. After three drum beats, the shaman performed a great dance. As the drum beats and the singing became faster and louder, the shaman danced faster and faster, and the jingling sound became louder and louder. Finally, the shaman went crazy, his eyes turned to the sky, he chanted loudly, his whole body shook, and he turned like a whirlwind. When the shaman reaches the climax, he suddenly screams and falls to one side. At this time, the people around him must catch the fallen shaman. If they fail to catch him, it means that the omnipotent god is unwilling to descend to the earth, and the whole dance fails. After catching him, the shaman slowly stands up, indicating that the god is in his body, and then sings the "Auspicious God Song". Everyone sings together and prays to the gods. After the song, the two gods announce the end of the ceremony. Such activities usually last for three days, and the people who participate in the activities are in a good mood. The whole scene is full of joy. When exorcising the disease, the shaman's dance ceremony does not use offerings, but only burns incense sticks, which is usually performed at night. The family who invites the gods lights a bonfire in front of the door, and the shaman begins to invite the gods with the cooperation of the two gods. At this time, a ball of charcoal sprinkled with "Acha" (fragrant climbing pine leaves) must be placed in front of the shaman to lead the way. Then the shaman begins to shake all over, indicating that "the god has possessed him", so he begins to sing and answer questions with the two gods, and invites the gods to treat diseases. If the patient is seriously ill, he will be made to lie on the bed and the shaman will spray water on the patient to cure the disease. Shamans do not ask for any payment for performing rituals and treating illnesses for others. They work like everyone else and are respected but do not have any special privileges. After the emergence of private ownership, shamans also charge some payment for performing rituals for others, but in general, they are mainly self-reliant and have never formed a religious group of professional monks like those of other ethnic groups.

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