Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Venice and its Lagoon' has mentioned 'Venice' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| For the place in California, see Venice, Los Angeles. | WIKI |
| For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). | WIKI |
| Venice Veneziaxc2xa0xc2xa0(Italian)Venesiaxc2xa0xc2xa0(Venetian)ComuneComune di VeneziaA collage of Venice: at the top left is the Piazza San Marco, followed by a view of the city, then the Grand Canal and interior of La Fenice, as well as the island of San Giorgio Maggiore. | WIKI |
| FlagCoat of armsLocation of Venice VeniceLocation of Venice in VenetoShow map of ItalyVeniceVenice (Veneto)Show map of VenetoCoordinates: 45xc2xb026xe2x80xb215xe2x80xb3N 12xc2xb020xe2x80xb29xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf45.43750xc2xb0N 12.33583xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 45.43750; 12.33583Coordinates: 45xc2xb026xe2x80xb215xe2x80xb3N 12xc2xb020xe2x80xb29xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf45.43750xc2xb0N 12.33583xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 45.43750; 12.33583CountryItalyRegionVenetoMetropolitan cityVenice (VE)FrazioniChirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre, Marghera, Murano, Burano, Giudecca, Lido, ZelarinoGovernmentxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0MayorLuigi Brugnaro (CI)Area[1]xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Total414.57xc2xa0km2 (160.07xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Elevation1xc2xa0m (3xc2xa0ft)Populationxc2xa0(2020)[3]xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Total258,685xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Density620/km2 (1,600/sqxc2xa0mi)Demonym(s)VenezianoVenetian (English)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code30100Dialingxc2xa0code041ISTAT code027042 Patron saintSt. | WIKI |
| Venice and its LagoonUNESCO World Heritage SiteVenice in autumn, with the Rialto Bridge in the backgroundCriteriaCultural: i, ii, iii, iv, v, viReference394Inscription1987 (11th session) | WIKI |
| Venice (/xcbx88vxc9x9bnxc9xaas/ VEH-niss; Italian: Venezia [vexcbx88nxc9x9bttsja] (listen); Venetian: Venesia or Venexia [vexcbx88nxc9x9bsja]) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. | WIKI |
| In 2020, 258,685xc2xa0people resided in the Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice (centro storico). | WIKI |
| The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14thxc2xa0century. | WIKI |
| [9] This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. | WIKI |
| Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". | WIKI |
| Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork. | WIKI |
| [4] Venice is known for several important artistic movementsxe2x80x94especially during the Renaissance periodxe2x80x94and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music, and is the birthplace of Baroque composers Tomaso Albinoni and Antonio Vivaldi. | WIKI |
| Although the city is facing some challenges (including an excessive number of tourists and problems caused by pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings),[12][13][14] Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has been ranked many times the most beautiful city in the world. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Expansion 1.3 Decline 1.4 Modern age 2 Geography 2.1 Subsidence 2.1.1 Building foundations 2.1.2 Flooding 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Government 4.1 Local and regional government 4.2 Sestieri 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 5.1.1 Mitigating the effects of tourism 5.1.2 Diverting cruise ships 6 Transportation 6.1 In the historic centre 6.1.1 Waterways 6.2 Public transport 6.2.1 Lagoon area 6.2.2 Lido and Pellestrina islands 6.2.3 Mainland 6.3 Rail 6.4 Ports 6.5 Aviation 7 Sport 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Literature 9.1.1 In literature and adapted works 9.1.2 Foreign words of Venetian origin 9.2 Printing 9.3 Painting 9.4 Venetian architecture 9.5 Rococo style 9.6 Glass 9.7 Festivals 9.8 Music 9.8.1 Orchestras 9.9 Cinema, media, and popular culture 9.9.1 In films 9.9.2 In music 9.9.3 In video games 9.10 Photography 9.11 Cuisine 9.12 Fashion and shopping 10 International relations 10.1 Twin towns xe2x80x93 sister cities 10.2 Cooperation agreements 10.3 Places named after Venice 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 13.1.1 Academic 13.1.2 Popular 14 External links | WIKI |
| Main articles: History of the Republic of Venice and Timeline of (the city of) Venice | WIKI |
| Venice view from the Bridge Priuli a Santa Sofia, to the Bridge de le Vele | WIKI |
| Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice,[19] tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugeesxe2x80x94from nearby Roman cities such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino, and Concordia (modern Portogruaro), as well as from the undefended countrysidexe2x80x94who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions. | WIKI |
| [20] This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families. | WIKI |
| The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. | WIKI |
| Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. | WIKI |
| The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the oldest chronicle by John, deacon of Venice c.xe2x80x891008. | WIKI |
| In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux. | WIKI |
| In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. | WIKI |
| During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811xe2x80x93827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. | WIKI |
| He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast;[28] Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. | WIKI |
| In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast. | WIKI |
| From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or repubblica marinara; there were three others: Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). | WIKI |
| Piazza San Marco in Venice, with St. Mark's Campanile. | WIKI |
| In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt,[32] acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Crete, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. | WIKI |
| By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. | WIKI |
| Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called golden bulls or "chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. | WIKI |
| In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power. | WIKI |
| Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. | WIKI |
| As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. | WIKI |
| This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St Mark's Basilica (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are now stored within the basilica.) | WIKI |
| Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete. | WIKI |
| Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice had always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. | WIKI |
| By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. | WIKI |
| Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. | WIKI |
| The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. | WIKI |
| The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. | WIKI |
| Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. | WIKI |
| Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. | WIKI |
| This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the papacy. | WIKI |
| Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. | WIKI |
| The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. | WIKI |
| By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. | WIKI |
| Venice's long decline started in the 15th century. | WIKI |
| Venice confronted the Ottoman Empire in the Siege of Thessalonica (1422xe2x80x931430) and sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks in 1453. | WIKI |
| After the Fall of Constantinople Sultan Mehmed II declared the first of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. | WIKI |
| Vasco da Gama's 1497xe2x80x931499 voyage opened a sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope and destroyed Venice's monopoly. | WIKI |
| Venice's oared vessels were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing oceans, therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies. | WIKI |
| The Black Death had devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577. | WIKI |
| [37] In 1630, the Italian plague of 1629xe2x80x9331 killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens. | WIKI |
| Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. | WIKI |
| However, Venice remained a major exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center. | WIKI |
| 1870s panoramic view of Venice | WIKI |
| The Grand Canal in Venice from Palazzo Flangini to Campo San Marcuola, Canaletto, circa 1738, J. Paul Getty Museum. | WIKI |
| During the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture, and literature. | WIKI |
| [citation needed] But the Republic lost its independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the War of the First Coalition. | WIKI |
| Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. | WIKI |
| Venice was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. | WIKI |
| In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy. | WIKI |
| From the middle of the 18th century, Trieste and papal Ancona, both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. | WIKI |
| Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength. | WIKI |
| Morning Impression along a Canal in Venice, Veneto, Italy by Rafail Levitsky (1896) | WIKI |
| [41] On 29 April 1945, a force of British and New Zealand troops of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant General Freyberg, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity. | WIKI |
| Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the alps across the Veneto plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or lidi, by the action of the current flowing around the head of the Adriatic Sea from east to west. | WIKI |
| Acqua alta ("high water") in Venice, 2008 | WIKI |
| Venice and surroundings in false colour, from Terra. | WIKI |
| Subsidence, the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has contributedxe2x80x94along with other factorsxe2x80x94to the seasonal Acqua alta ("high water") when much of the city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide. | WIKI |
| In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a "stamp tax". | WIKI |
| [citation needed] When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper, with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". | WIKI |
| During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. | WIKI |
| On 13 November 2019, Venice was flooded when waters peaked at 1.87xc2xa0m (6xc2xa0ft), the highest tide since 1966 (1.94 m). | WIKI |
| "The sea level has been rising even more rapidly in Venice than in other parts of the world. | WIKI |
| Henk Ovink, an expert on flooding, told CNN that, while environmental factors are part of the problem, "historic floods in Venice are not only a result of the climate crisis but poor infrastructure and mismanagement". | WIKI |
| According to the Kxc3xb6ppen climate classification, Venice has a mid-latitude, four season humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with cool winters and hot, humid summers. | WIKI |
| Climate data for Venice (1971xe2x80x932000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 6.6(43.9) 8.6(47.5) 12.5(54.5) 16.1(61.0) 21.5(70.7) 24.9(76.8) 27.7(81.9) 27.5(81.5) 23.5(74.3) 18.0(64.4) 11.6(52.9) 7.4(45.3) 17.2(63.0) Daily mean xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 3.3(37.9) 4.7(40.5) 8.3(46.9) 12.0(53.6) 17.1(62.8) 20.5(68.9) 23.0(73.4) 22.6(72.7) 18.9(66.0) 13.8(56.8) 7.8(46.0) 4.0(39.2) 13.0(55.4) Average low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) xe2x88x920.1(31.8) 0.8(33.4) 4.1(39.4) 7.8(46.0) 12.7(54.9) 16.1(61.0) 18.3(64.9) 17.7(63.9) 14.3(57.7) 9.6(49.3) 4.0(39.2) 0.6(33.1) 8.8(47.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.0(1.85) 48.3(1.90) 48.8(1.92) 70.0(2.76) 66.0(2.60) 78.0(3.07) 63.9(2.52) 64.8(2.55) 72.0(2.83) 73.5(2.89) 65.5(2.58) 50.6(1.99) 748.4(29.46) Average precipitation days (xe2x89xa5 1.0 mm) 6.0 5.2 5.7 8.3 8.2 8.6 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.7 5.8 5.9 78.3 Average relative humidity (%) 81 77 75 75 73 74 71 72 75 77 79 81 75.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 80.6 107.4 142.6 174.0 229.4 243.0 288.3 257.3 198.0 151.9 87.0 77.5 2,037 Percent possible sunshine 29 38 38 41 49 51 62 59 51 45 29 28 43 Source 1: MeteoAM (sun and humidity 1961xe2x80x931990)[69][70] Source 2: Weather Atlas[71] | WIKI |
| Climate data for Venice Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 9.9(49.8) 8.7(47.7) 9.9(49.8) 13.4(56.1) 18.6(65.5) 23.4(74.1) 25.4(77.7) 25.4(77.7) 23.6(74.5) 19.3(66.7) 16.0(60.8) 13.2(55.8) 17.2(63.0) Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.3 Average Ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4.3 Source #1: seatemperature.org (avg. | WIKI |
| In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 176,000 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 31,000 on other islands in the lagoon); 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. | WIKI |
| The average age of Venice residents was 46 compared to the Italian average of 42. | WIKI |
| In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Venice declined by 0.2%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. | WIKI |
| Venice is predominantly Roman Catholic (85.0% of the resident population in the area of the Patriarchate of Venice in 2018[82]), but because of the long-standing relationship with Constantinople, there is also a noticeable Orthodox presence; and as a result of immigration, there is now a large Muslim community (about 25,000 or 9.5% of city population in 2018[83]) and some Hindu, and Buddhist inhabitants. | WIKI |
| Since 1991, the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice has become the see of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe, a Byzantine-rite diocese under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. | WIKI |
| There is also a historic Jewish community in Venice. | WIKI |
| Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice, written in the late 16th century, features Shylock, a Venetian Jew. | WIKI |
| The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the Talmud was printed in Venice by Daniel Bomberg in 1523. | WIKI |
| During World War II, Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to extermination camps. | WIKI |
| Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500. | WIKI |
| [86] In modern times, Venice has an eruv,[87] used by the Jewish community. | WIKI |
| See also: Mayor of Venice | WIKI |
| The whole comune (red) in the Metropolitan City of Venice Ca' Loredan is Venice's City Hall Palazzo Corner is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Venice Palazzo Ferro Fini is the seat of the Regional Council of Veneto | WIKI |
| Venice was governed by centre-left parties from the early 1990s until the 2010s, when the Mayor started to be elected directly. | WIKI |
| The current Mayor of Venice is Luigi Brugnaro, a centre-right independent businessman who is currently serving his second term in office. | WIKI |
| The municipality of Venice is also subdivided into six administrative boroughs (municipalitxc3xa0). | WIKI |
| ^ Annexed with a Royal Decree to the municipality of Venice in 1926. | WIKI |
| Venice viewed from the International Space Station | WIKI |
| The Historic city of Venice is divided into six areas called sestieri: | WIKI |
| Venice's economy has changed throughout history. | WIKI |
| Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the Brenner Pass over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. | WIKI |
| In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs. | WIKI |
| [89] From the 11th century until the 15th century, pilgrimages to the Holy Land were offered in Venice. | WIKI |
| Other ports such as Genoa, Pisa, Marseille, Ancona, and Dubrovnik were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice. | WIKI |
| Armenian merchants from Julfa were the leading traders in Venice, especially Sceriman family in 17th century. | WIKI |
| [93] This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced. | WIKI |
| The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art). | WIKI |
| Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports. | WIKI |
| Piazzetta San Marco with Doge's Palace on the left and the columns of the Lion of Venice and St. Theodore in the center. | WIKI |
| Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture. | WIKI |
| [100][101][102] This "overtourism" creates overcrowding and environmental problems for Venice's ecosystem. | WIKI |
| By 2017, UNESCO was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. | WIKI |
| To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships[103][104] as well as implementing a strategy for more sustainable tourism. | WIKI |
| In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the Caffxc3xa8 Florian, and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century. | WIKI |
| Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as St Mark's Basilica, the Doge's Palace, the Grand Canal, and the Piazza San Marco. | WIKI |
| [99] The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150xc2xa0million euros (US$193xc2xa0million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report. | WIKI |
| Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum". | WIKI |
| [107] In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found. | WIKI |
| P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. | WIKI |
| As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice. | WIKI |
| Venice Guggenheim Museum. | WIKI |
| The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic center which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice. | WIKI |
| The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000. | WIKI |
| On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. | WIKI |
| The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". | WIKI |
| [117] Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28xc2xa0million visitors,[118] would also be exempted. | WIKI |
| Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial Comitatone overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. | WIKI |
| By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. | WIKI |
| Over 1.5xc2xa0million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships. | WIKI |
| Aerial view of Venice including the Ponte della Libertxc3xa0 bridge to the mainland. | WIKI |
| Venice is built on an archipelago of 118 islands[4] in a shallow, 550xc2xa0km2 (212xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) lagoon,[135] connected by 400 bridges[136] over 177 canals. | WIKI |
| In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to Venice. | WIKI |
| Venice is Europe's largest urban car-free area and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks. | WIKI |
| There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive livery, and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago. | WIKI |
| Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the dredging of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides. | WIKI |
| Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice. | WIKI |
| The Venice People Mover is an elevated shuttle train public transit system connecting Tronchetto island with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus, taxi, or automobile. | WIKI |
| Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice, Murano, Burano) and with the peninsula of Cavallino-Treporti. | WIKI |
| The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs: Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto. | WIKI |
| Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with Piazzale Roma, the main bus station in Venice, via Ponte della Libertxc3xa0, the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic center of Venice. | WIKI |
| The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. | WIKI |
| People Mover in Venice A map of the waterbus routes in Venezia Bus in Mestre Tram in Venice leaving Piazzale Roma | WIKI |
| The Venice Santa Lucia station | WIKI |
| Venice is serviced by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50). | WIKI |
| As well as for other, local trains, this station is the terminus of the luxury Venice Simplon Orient Express from London via Paris and other cities. | WIKI |
| Venice Piazzale Roma by ATVO (provincial company) buses[144] and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus);[145] Venice, Lido, and Murano by Alilaguna (private company) motor boats; Mestre, the mainland, where Venice Mestre railway station is convenient for connections to Milan, Padova, Trieste, Verona and the rest of Italy, and for ACTV (routes 15 and 45)[145] and ATVO buses and other transport; Regional destinations, such as Treviso and Padua, by ATVO and Busitalia Sita Nord buses. | WIKI |
| Venice-Treviso Airport, about 30 kilometres (19xc2xa0mi) from Venice, is used mainly by low-cost airlines. | WIKI |
| There are public buses from this airport to Venice. | WIKI |
| Today, Voga alla Veneta is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport. | WIKI |
| Ca' Foscari University of Venice | WIKI |
| Venice is a major international centre for higher education. | WIKI |
| The city hosts the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, founded in 1868; the Universitxc3xa0 Iuav di Venezia, founded in 1926; the Venice International University, founded in 1995 and located on the island of San Servolo and the EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, located on the island of Lido di Venezia. | WIKI |
| Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing. | WIKI |
| Giacomo Casanova (1725xe2x80x931798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire De Ma Vie (Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice. | WIKI |
| Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. | WIKI |
| Shakespeare set Othello and The Merchant of Venice in the city, as did Thomas Mann his novel, Death in Venice (1912). | WIKI |
| The French writer Philippe Sollers spent most of his life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice in 2004. | WIKI |
| Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the German author Cornelia Funke. | WIKI |
| The poet Ugo Foscolo (1778xe2x80x931827), born in Zante, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a revolutionary who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to Napoleon. | WIKI |
| Venice also inspired the poetry of Ezra Pound, who wrote his first literary work in the city. | WIKI |
| Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of San Michele. | WIKI |
| Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing. | WIKI |
| [150] From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center. | WIKI |
| Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice,[151] and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books. | WIKI |
| Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (c.xe2x80x891596xe2x80x931598) and Othello (1603). | WIKI |
| Philippe Sollers' Watteau in Venice (1994). | WIKI |
| Additionally, Thomas Mann's novella, Death in Venice (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's eponymous opera (1973). | WIKI |
| By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany. | WIKI |
| Main article: List of painters and architects of Venice | WIKI |
| An 18th-century view of Venice by Venetian artist Canaletto. | WIKI |
| Venice, especially during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and Baroque periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the Venetian School. | WIKI |
| In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with Florence and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. | WIKI |
| Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire. | WIKI |
| Canvases (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. | WIKI |
| Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages. | WIKI |
| Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most prominent of which is the Gothic style. | WIKI |
| The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of Byzantine style from Constantinople, Islamic influences from Spain and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy. | WIKI |
| It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined Rococo designs. | WIKI |
| But Venice remained a centre of fashion. | WIKI |
| [155] Venice was especially known for its beautiful girandole mirrors, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. | WIKI |
| Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using Murano glass to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. | WIKI |
| Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as Venetian glass, which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. | WIKI |
| Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to Murano, an offshore island in Venice. | WIKI |
| When Constantinople was sacked in the Fourth Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice; when the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453, still more glassworkers arrived. | WIKI |
| Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe. | WIKI |
| From their creation in Venice, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across Europe, then Eurasia and finally over the Bering Strait, making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the Eurasian continent." | WIKI |
| A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role. | WIKI |
| Main article: Music of Venice | WIKI |
| See also: Venice in media, Venetian polychoral style, Music of Veneto, and Venetian School (music) | WIKI |
| The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. | WIKI |
| During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the Venetian school) and the development of the Venetian polychoral style under composers such as Adrian Willaert, who worked at St Mark's Basilica. | WIKI |
| Venice was the early center of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and Flanders. | WIKI |
| By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. | WIKI |
| Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the baroque period, such as Antonio Vivaldi, Ippolito Ciera, Giovanni Picchi, and Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few. | WIKI |
| Venice is the home of numerous symphony orchestras such as, the Orchestra della Fenice, Rondxc3xb2 Veneziano, Interpreti Veneziani, and Venice Baroque Orchestra. | WIKI |
| Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references. | WIKI |
| Examples of films set or at least partially filmed in Venice include:[165] | WIKI |
| Summertime (1955), starring Katharine Hepburn Three James Bond films: From Russia with Love (1963), Moonraker (1979), and Casino Royale (2006) Luchino Visconti's Death in Venice (1971)[166] Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now (1973) Blume in Love (1973) Fellini's Casanova (1976) A Little Romance (1979) Dangerous Beauty (1988), the biography of Veronica Franco Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) The Comfort of Strangers (1990) Blame It on the Bellboy (1992) Woody Allen's Everyone Says I Love You (1996) The Wings of the Dove (1997) The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) Pokxc3xa9mon Heroes (2002), is set inside a city based on Venice, although it is titled differently and features sights not present within its real-world equivalent. | WIKI |
| (The city is otherwise virtually identical to Venice.) | WIKI |
| The city was referenced in Ricky Montgomery's 2016 song "My Heart Is Buried In Venice". | WIKI |
| Venice was the base theme for Soleanna, one of the hub worlds in Sonic the Hedgehog. | WIKI |
| One of the nine playable characters, Silver the Hedgehog, was once a mink named "Venice" during development. | WIKI |
| Francesco Guardi's Regatta in Venice, Guardi was a member of the Venetian School. | WIKI |
| Fulvio Roiter was the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice,[170] followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure. | WIKI |
| Hot chocolate was a fashionable drink in Venice during the 1770s and 1780s. | WIKI |
| Venice is not known for a peculiar cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries. | WIKI |
| In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called baxc3xaccoli, and for other types of sweets, such as: pan del pescaxc3xb3r (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the bussolxc3xa0i (butter biscuits and shortbread made in the shape of a ring or an "S") from the island of Burano; the galxc3xa0ni or crxc3xb3stoli (angel wings);[172] the frxc3xactole (fried spherical doughnuts); the fregolxc3xb2tta (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called rosxc3xa0da; and cookies called zalxc3xa9ti, whose ingredients include yellow maize flour. | WIKI |
| Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as Milan, Florence, and Rome, but on a par with Verona, Turin, Vicenza, Naples, and Genoa. | WIKI |
| Roberta di Camerino is the only major Italian fashion brand to be based in Venice. | WIKI |
| In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to EC Regulation No. | WIKI |
| Venice is twinned with:[176] | WIKI |
| In 2013, Venice announced that it wants to end the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights. | WIKI |
| Venice has cooperation agreements with:[176] | WIKI |
| Places named after Venice[edit] | WIKI |
| The name "Venezuela" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (Veneziola). | WIKI |
| [178]Many additional places around the world are named after Venice: e.g. | WIKI |
| Venice, Los Angeles, home of Venice Beach Venice, Alberta, in Canada Venice, Florida, city in Sarasota County Venice, New York Venice, Louisiana | WIKI |
| Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:xc2xa0"Venice"xc2xa0xe2x80x93xc2xa0newsxc2xa0xc2xb7 newspapersxc2xa0xc2xb7 booksxc2xa0xc2xb7 scholarxc2xa0xc2xb7 JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) | WIKI |
| [183] Francesco Borgato (5 September 1990, Venice), Italian recording artist and dancer. | WIKI |
| [184] Canaletto (28 October 1697 xe2x80x93 19 April 1768), known for his landscapes or vedute of Venice, but not only. | WIKI |
| Pietro Guarneri (14 April 1695 xe2x80x93 7 April 1762), left Cremona in 1718, settled in Venice. | WIKI |
| "Peter of Venice" from the family of great luthiers. | WIKI |
| Paolo Sarpi (14 August 1552 xe2x80x93 15 January 1623), historian, scientist, canon lawyer, statesman, defender of the liberties of Republican Venice and proponent of the separation of Church and state, Sarpi's writings inspired Thomas Hobbes, Edward Gibbon, and the founding fathers of the United States. | WIKI |
| The UNESCO World Heritage property comprises the city of Venice and its lagoon situated in the Veneto Region of Northeast Italy. | UNESCO |
| Founded in the 5th century AD and spread over 118 small islands, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century. | UNESCO |
| Over the centuries, during the entire period of the expansion of Venice, when it was obliged to defend its trading markets against the commercial undertakings of the Arabs, the Genoese and the Ottoman Turks, Venice never ceased to consolidate its position in the lagoon. | UNESCO |
| However, at the heart of the lagoon, Venice itself stood as one of the greatest capitals in the medieval world. | UNESCO |
| Venice and its lagoon landscape is the result of a dynamic process which illustrates the interaction between people and the ecosystem of their natural environment over time. | UNESCO |
| Venice and its lagoon form an inseparable whole of which the city of Venice is the pulsating historic heart and a unique artistic achievement. | UNESCO |
| The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and monumental arts has been considerable.. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (i): Venice is a unique artistic achievement. | UNESCO |
| The lagoon of Venice also has one of the highest concentrations of masterpieces in the world: from Torcelloxe2x80x99s Cathedral to the church of Santa Maria della Salute.The years of the Republicxe2x80x99s extraordinary Golden Age are represented by monuments of incomparable beauty: San Marco, Palazzo Ducale, San Zanipolo, Scuola di San Marco, Frari and Scuola di San Rocco, San Giorgio Maggiore, etc. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and monumental arts is considerable; first through the Serenissimaxe2x80x99s fondachi or trading stations, along the Dalmatian coast, in Asia Minor and in Egypt, in the islands of the Ionian Sea, the Peloponnesus, Crete, and Cyprus, where the monuments were clearly built following Venetian models. | UNESCO |
| But when it began to lose its power over the seas, Venice exerted its influence in a very different manner, thanks to its great painters. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): With the unusualness of an archaeological site which still breathes life, Venice bears testimony unto itself. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): Venice possesses an incomparable series of architectural ensembles illustrating the hight of the Republicxe2x80x99s splendour. | UNESCO |
| From great monuments such as Piazza San Marco and Piazzetta (the cathedral, Palazzo Ducale, Marciana, Museo Correr Procuratie Vecchie), to the more modest residences in the calli and campi of its six quarters (Sestieri), including the 13th century Scuole hospitals and charitable or cooperative institutions, Venice presents a complete typology of medieval architecture, whose exemplary value goes hand-in-hand with the outstanding character of an urban setting which had to adapt to the special requirements of the site. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (v): In the Mediterranean area, the lagoon of Venice represents an outstanding example of a semi-lacustral habitat which has become vulnerable as a result of irreversible natural and climate changes. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (vi): Venice symbolizes the peoplexe2x80x99s victorious struggle against the elements as they managed to master a hostile nature. | UNESCO |
| It was from Venice that Marco Polo (1254-1324) set out in search of China, Annam, Tonkin, Sumatra, India and Persia. | UNESCO |
| Due to their geographical characteristics, the city of Venice and the lagoon settlements have retained their original integrity of the built heritage, the settlement structure and its interrelation in the lagoon. | UNESCO |
| Venice has retained its boundaries, the landscape characteristics and the physical and functional relationships with the lagoon environment. | UNESCO |
| The structure and urban morphological form of Venice has remained broadly similar to the one the city had in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. | UNESCO |
| The maintained integrity of the layout and urban structure of Venice therefore attests to the formal and organizational conception of space and the technical and creative skills of a culture and civilization that created exceptional architectural values. | UNESCO |
| Despite the diverse styles and historical stratifications, the buildings and constructions have organically fused into a coherent unit, maintaining their physical characteristics and their architectural and aesthetic qualities, as well as their more technical features, through an architectural language that is both independent and consistent with the function and design principles of the traditional urban structure of Venice. | UNESCO |
| The exceptionally high tourism pressure on the city of Venice has resulted in a partial functional transformation in Venice and the historic centres of the Lagoon. | UNESCO |
| This includes functional transformations of Venice and the lagoon historic centers caused by the replacement of residentsxe2x80x99 houses with accommodation and commercial activities and services to the residence with tourism-related activities that endanger the identity and the cultural and social integrity of the property. | UNESCO |
| The occurrence of exceptional high waters poses a significant threat to the protection and integrity of Venice lagoon and historic settlements. | UNESCO |
| One of the main tools for the protection of the property is the implementation of the 1973 Special Law for Venice, which aims to guarantee the protection of the landscape, historical, archaeological and artistic heritage of the city of Venice and its lagoon by ensuring its socio-economic livelihood. | UNESCO |
| Other public authorities, such as Magistrato alle Acque (the Venice Water Authority), safeguard Venice and the lagoon ecosystem. | UNESCO |
| Environmental protection and landscape is governed by specific laws and regulations, under which the Superintendence of Architectural Heritage and Landscape of Venice and its Lagoon oversees all works and interventions that can change the landscape of the property. | UNESCO |
| The Management Plan for the World Heritage property is approved by the responsible bodies for the protection and management of the property: Veneto Region, Province of Padua, Province of Venice, Municipality of Venice, Municipality of Campagna Lupia, Municipality of Cavallino-Treporti, Municipality of Chioggia, Municipality of Codevigo, Municipality of Mira, Municipality of Musile di Piave, Municipality of Jesolo, Municipality of Quarto Dxe2x80x99Altino, Regional Department of Cultural Heritage and Landscape of Veneto, Superintendence of Architectural Heritage and Landscape of Venice and its Lagoon, Superintendence of Archaeological Heritage of Veneto, Superintendence of Historical and Artistic Heritage of Venice and of the municipalities in the lagoon boundary area, Superintendence of the Archives of Veneto, State Archive of Venice, Diocese of Venice, Venice Water Authority and Port Authority of Venice. | UNESCO |
| They are represented in the Steering Committee which meets regularly, where the Municipality of Venice has been appointed as the coordinating body. | UNESCO |
| In order to preserve the lagoon and protect its historic settlements and the historic city of Venice against flooding, several projects have been elaborated. | UNESCO |
| Strategic objectives and a specific Action Plan have been agreed to relieve the pressure on Venice by offering alternative and complementary options to traditional tourism by creating a network among the municipalities in the lagoon boundary area and other key stakeholders that are operating within the property. | UNESCO |