Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Ancient Greek and Roman city in modern-day Turkey and UNESCO World Heritage Site | WIKI |
| Pergamon or Pergamum (/xcbx88pxc9x9cxcbx90rxc9xa1xc9x99mxc9x99n/ or /xcbx88pxc9x9cxcbx90rxc9xa1xc9x99mxc9x92n/; Ancient Greek: xcexa0xcexadxcfx81xcexb3xcexb1xcexbcxcexbfxcexbd), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (Greek: xcexa0xcexadxcfx81xcexb3xcexb1xcexbcxcexbfxcfx82[a][1]), was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Mysia. | WIKI |
| The city is centered on a 335-metre-high (1,099xc2xa0ft) mesa of andesite which formed its acropolis. | WIKI |
| To the west of the acropolis, the Selinus River (modern Bergamaxc3xa7ay) flows through the city, while the Ketios river (modern Kestelxc3xa7ay) passes by to the east. | WIKI |
| It consists of a broad, elongated base and a relatively small peak - the upper city. | WIKI |
| The upper city extends for another 250 m to the south, but it remains very narrow, with a width of only 150 m. At its south end the massif falls gradually to the east and south, widening to around 350 m and then descends to the plain towards the southwest. | WIKI |
| [8] Xenophon, who calls the city Pergamos, handed over the rest of his Greek troops (some 5,000 men according to Diodorus) to Thibron, who was planning an expedition against the Persian satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, at this location in March 399 BC. | WIKI |
| There are few traces of the pre-Hellenistic city, since in the following period the terrain was profoundly changed and the construction of broad terraces involved the removal of almost all earlier structures. | WIKI |
| The name of the city xcexa0xcex95xcexa1xcex93 ("PERG"), appears for the first on this coinage, and is the first evidence for the name of the city. | WIKI |
| The domain of Philetaerus was limited to the area surrounding the city itself, but Eumenes I was able to expand them greatly. | WIKI |
| The city thus became the centre of a territorial realm, but Eumenes did not take the royal title. | WIKI |
| Pergamon was also a flourishing center for the production of parchment (the word itself, a corruption of pergamenos, meaning "from Pergamon"), which had been used in Asia Minor long before the rise of the city. | WIKI |
| The city itself was declared free and was briefly the capital of the province, before it was transferred to Ephesus. | WIKI |
| In 88 BC, Mithridates VI made the city the headquarters in his first war against Rome, in which he was defeated. | WIKI |
| At the end of the war, the victorious Romans deprived Pergamon of all its benefits and of its status as a free city. | WIKI |
| Henceforth the city was required to pay tribute and accommodate and supply Roman troops, and the property of many of the inhabitants was confiscated. | WIKI |
| The members of the Pergamene aristocracy, especially Diodorus Pasparus in the 70s BC, used their own possessions to maintain good relationships with Rome, by acting as donors for the development of city. | WIKI |
| Pergamon still remained a famous city and the noteworthy luxuries of Lucullus included imported wares from the city, which continued to be the site of a conventus (regional assembly). | WIKI |
| Pliny the Elder refers to the city as the most important in the province[18] and the local aristocracy continued to reach the highest circles of power in the 1st century AD, like Aulus Julius Quadratus who was consul in 94 and 105. | WIKI |
| Yet it was only under Trajan and his successors that a comprehensive redesign and remodelling of the city took place, with the construction a Roman 'new city' at the base of the Acropolis. | WIKI |
| The city was the first in the province to receive a second neocorate, from Trajan in AD 113/4. | WIKI |
| Hadrian raised the city to the rank of metropolis in 123 and thereby elevated it above its local rivals, Ephesus and Smyrna. | WIKI |
| In addition, at the city limits the shrine to Asclepius (the god of healing) was expanded into a lavish spa. | WIKI |
| At the beginning of the third century, Caracalla granted the city a third neocorate, but the decline had already set in. | WIKI |
| During the crisis of the Third Century, the economic strength of Pergamon finally collapsed, as the city was badly damaged in an earthquake in 262 and was sacked by the Goths shortly thereafter. | WIKI |
| The city gradually declined during Late Antiquity, and its settled core contracted to the acropolis, which was fortified by Emperor Constans II (r. | WIKI |
| During the middle Byzantine period, the city was part of the Thracesian Theme,[19] and from the time of Leo VI the Wise (r.xc2xa0886xe2x80x93912) of the Theme of Samos. | WIKI |
| It suffered from the attacks of the Seljuks on western Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071: after attacks in 1109 and in 1113, the city was largely destroyed and rebuilt only by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r.xc2xa01143xe2x80x931180) in c.xe2x80x891170. | WIKI |
| On the other hand, the story was linked to the foundation of the city with another myth - that of Pergamus, the eponymous hero of the city. | WIKI |
| [26] With his mother, he was said to have fled to Mysia where he killed the ruler of Teuthrania and gave the city his own name. | WIKI |
| [27] In a less heroic version, Grynos the son of Eurypylus named a city after him in gratitude for a favour. | WIKI |
| Beginning in the Roman period, his image appears on civic coinage and he is said to have had a heroon in the city. | WIKI |
| Mithridates VI was celebrated in the city as a new Pergamus. | WIKI |
| [36] The inhabitants of Pergamon enthusiastically followed their lead and took to calling themselves Telephidai (xcexa4xcexb7xcexbbxcexb5xcfx86xcexafxcexb4xcexb1xcexb9) and referring to Pergamon itself in poetic registers as the 'Telephian city' (xcexa4xcexaexcexbbxcexb5xcfx86xcexb9xcfx82 xcfx80xcfx8cxcexbbxcexb9xcfx82). | WIKI |
| [38] A proper, multi-page description with plans, elevations, and views of the city and its ruins was first produced by Charles Texier when he published the second volume of his Description de lxe2x80x99Asie mineure. | WIKI |
| For the construction of the road from Pergamon to Dikili for which he had undertaken planning work and topographical studies, he returned in 1869 and began to focus intensively on the legacy of the city. | WIKI |
| The work was continued by Conze, who aimed for the most complete possible exposure and investigation of the historic city and citadel that was possible. | WIKI |
| He concentrated on further excavation of the upper city, the Asklepieion, and the Red Hall. | WIKI |
| From 1957 to 1968, Erich Boehringer worked on the Asklepieion in particular, but also carried out important work on the lower city as a whole and performed survey work, which increased knowledge of the countryside surrounding the city. | WIKI |
| In 1971, after a short pause, Wolfgang Radt succeeded him as leader of excavations and directed the focus of research on the residential buildings of Pergamon, but also on technical issues, like the water management system of the city which supported a population of 200,000 at its height. | WIKI |
| Pergamon is a good example of a city that expanded in a planned and controlled manner. | WIKI |
| Philetairos transformed Pergamon from an archaic settlement into a fortified city. | WIKI |
| He or his successor Attalos I built a wall around the whole upper city, including the plateau to the south, the upper agora and some of the housing - further housing must have been found outside these walls. | WIKI |
| Because of the growth of the city, the streets were expanded and the city was monumentalised. | WIKI |
| [44] During the reign of Eumenes II and Attalos II, there was a substantial expansion of the city. | WIKI |
| The wall, with numerous gates, now surrounded the entire hill, not just the upper city and the flat area to the southwest, all the way to the Selinus river. | WIKI |
| A consequence of the city's growth was the construction of new buildings over old ones, since there was not sufficient space. | WIKI |
| Separate from this, a new area was laid out in Roman times, consisting of a whole new city west of the Selinus river, with all necessary infrastructure, including baths, theatres, stadiums, and sanctuaries. | WIKI |
| This Roman new city was able to expand without any city walls constraining it because of the absence of external threats. | WIKI |
| An exact north-south arrangement of the city blocks was not possible because of the topographical situation and earlier construction. | WIKI |
| In the course of the expansion of the city under Eumenes, the commercial character of the Upper Agora was further developed. | WIKI |
| [50] After these renovations, the Upper Agora thus served as a centre for trade and spectacle in the city. | WIKI |
| Since it was the most important street of the city, the quality of the material used in its construction was very high. | WIKI |
| Philetairos' design of the city was shaped above all by circumstantial considerations. | WIKI |
| Only under Eumenes II was this approach discarded and the city plan begins to show signs of an overall plan. | WIKI |
| The most famous structure from the city is the monumental altar, which was probably dedicated to Zeus and Athena. | WIKI |
| The foundations are still located in the Upper city, but the remains of the Pergamon frieze, which originally decorated it, are displayed in the Pergamon museum in Berlin, where the parts of the frieze taken to Germany have been installed in a partial reconstruction. | WIKI |
| Additional theatres were built in the Roman period, one in the Roman new city and the other in the sanctuary of Asclepius. | WIKI |
| Creation of the capital on top of Kale Hill set the scene for the city. | UNESCO |
| After the city was passed to the Romans in 133 BC, Pergamon became a metropolis and was the capital of the Roman Province of Asia during the Roman imperial period. | UNESCO |
| From the 3rd century BC onwards, the city was encircled by a ring of grave mounds of various sizes, which demonstrated Pergamonxe2x80x99s claim to the plain of Bakxc4xb1rxc3xa7ay. | UNESCO |
| In addition to grave mounds, there were sanctuaries, such as the Kybele Sanctuary at Kapxc4xb1kaya, sited on prominent hills and mountain peaks in the area surrounding the city. | UNESCO |
| The acropolis remained as Pergamonxe2x80x99s crown while the city developed on the lower slopes during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, extending its domination of the landscape. | UNESCO |