Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| According to legends related in the early third century BC by Manetho, a priest and historian who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Hellenistic period of ancient Egypt, the city was founded by King Menes. | WIKI |
| It was the capital of ancient Egypt (Kemet or Kumat) during the Old Kingdom and remained an important city throughout ancient Egyptian history. | WIKI |
| Its great temple, Hut-ka-Ptah (meaning "Enclosure of the ka of Ptah"), was one of the most prominent structures in the city. | WIKI |
| Because of its size, the city also came to be known by various other names that were the names of neighbourhoods or districts that enjoyed considerable prominence at one time or another. | WIKI |
| At one point the city was referred to as Ankh-Tawy (meaning "Life of the Two Lands"), stressing the strategic position of the city between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. | WIKI |
| [1] Some scholars maintain that this name was that of an area that contained a sacred tree, the western district of the city that lay between the great Temple of Ptah and the necropolis at Saqqara. | WIKI |
| At the beginning of the New Kingdom (c. 1550 BC), the city became known as mn-nfr (anglicized as Men-nefer, meaning "enduring and beautiful"), which became "Memfi" (xe2xb2x99xe2xb2x89xe2xb2x99xcfxa5xe2xb2x93) in Bohairic Coptic. | WIKI |
| The name "Memphis" (xcex9cxcexadxcexbcxcfx86xcexb9xcfx82) is the Greek adaptation of the name that they had given to the pyramid of Pepi I,[Fnt 1] located west of the city. | WIKI |
| While attempting to draw ancient Egyptian history and religious elements into that of their own traditions, the Greek poet Hesiod in his Theogony explained the name of the city by saying that Memphis was a daughter of the Greek river god Nilus and the wife of Epaphus (the son of Zeus and Io), who founded the city and named it after his wife. | WIKI |
| The city was also the place that marked the boundary between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. | WIKI |
| Today, the footprint of the ancient city is uninhabited. | WIKI |
| [16] K. A. Bard is more cautious and estimates the city's population to have numbered approximately 6,000 inhabitants during the Old Kingdom. | WIKI |
| The city reached a peak of prestige under the Sixth Dynasty as a centre for the worship of Ptah, the god of creation and artworks. | WIKI |
| The alabaster sphinx that guards the Temple of Ptah serves as a memorial of the city's former power and prestige. | WIKI |
| [19][20] The Memphis triad, consisting of the creator god Ptah, his consort Sekhmet, and their son Nefertem, formed the main focus of worship in the city. | WIKI |
| Under the Roman Empire, Alexandria remained the most important Egyptian city. | WIKI |
| The Greek historian Herodotus, who tells a similar story, relates that during his visit to the city, the Persians, at that point the suzerains of the country, paid particular attention to the condition of these dams so that the city was saved from the annual flooding. | WIKI |
| [2] Since Iry-Hor predates Narmer by two generations, the latter cannot have been the founder of the city. | WIKI |
| A strong suggestion of this notion is the etymology of the name of the city itself, which matched that of the pyramid of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty. | WIKI |
| [24] The perimeter of the city thus gradually extended into a vast urban sprawl. | WIKI |
| [31] With the long period of peace that followed, prosperity again took hold of the city, which benefited from her strategic position. | WIKI |
| According to inscriptions found in Memphis, Akhenaten (r. 1353/51xe2x80x931336/34 BC; formerly Amenhotep IV) founded a temple of Aten in the city. | WIKI |
| There is evidence that, under Ramesses II, the city developed new importance in the political sphere through its proximity to the new capital Pi-Ramesses. | WIKI |
| For the early part of the 19th Dynasty, Memphis received the privileges of royal attention, and it is this dynasty that is most evident among the ruins of the city today. | WIKI |
| Under Taharqa, the city formed the frontier base of the resistance, which soon crumbled as the Kushite king was driven back into Nubia. | WIKI |
| His forces sacked and raided the city, slaughtered villagers, and erected piles of their heads. | WIKI |
| Power then returned to the Saite kings, who, fearful of an invasion from the Babylonians, reconstructed and even fortified structures in the city, as is attested by the palace built by Apries at Kom Tuman. | WIKI |
| Under the Persians, structures in the city were preserved and strengthened, and Memphis was made the administrative headquarters of the newly conquered satrapy. | WIKI |
| A Persian garrison was permanently installed within the city, probably in the great north wall, near the domineering palace of Apries. | WIKI |
| For almost a century and a half, the city remained the capital of the Persian satrapy of Egypt ("Mudraya"/"Musraya"), officially becoming one of the epicentres of commerce in the vast territory conquered by the Achaemenid monarchy. | WIKI |
| A brief liberation of the city under the rebel-king Khababash (338 to 335 BC) is evinced by an Apis bull sarcophagus bearing his name, which was discovered at Saqqara dating from his second year. | WIKI |
| The armies of Darius III eventually regained control of the city. | WIKI |
| The city retained a significant status, especially religious, throughout the period following the takeover by one of his generals, Ptolemy I. | WIKI |
| Thus began the Ptolemaic dynasty, during which began the city's gradual decline. | WIKI |
| During the Byzantine and Coptic periods the city gradually dwindled and finally dropped out of existence. | WIKI |
| Enormous as are the extent and antiquity of this city, in spite of the frequent change of governments whose yoke it has borne, and the great pains more than one nation has been at to destroy it, to sweep its last trace from the face of the earth, to carry away the stones and materials of which it was constructed, to mutilate the statues which adorned it; in spite, finally, of all that more than four thousand years have done in addition to man, these ruins still offer to the eye of the beholder a mass of marvels which bewilder the senses and which the most skillful pens must fail to describe. | WIKI |
| The more deeply we contemplate this city the more our admiration rises, and every fresh glance at the ruins is a fresh source of delight ... | WIKI |
| After more than a century of excavations on the site, archaeologists have gradually been able to confirm the layout and expansion of the ancient city. | WIKI |
| It was one of the most prominent structures in the city, occupying a large precinct within the city's centre. | WIKI |
| The archaeological explorations that took place here reveal that the southern part of the city indeed contain a large number of religious buildings with a particular devotion to the god Ptah, the principal deity of Memphis. | WIKI |
| Its ruins are not so well preserved as others nearby, as its limestone foundations appear to have been quarried after the abandonment of the city in late antiquity. | WIKI |
| In the southeast of the Great Temple complex, the king Merneptah of the Nineteenth Dynasty founded a new shrine in honour of the chief deity of the city, Ptah. | WIKI |
| Gradually buried by the activity of the city, the stratigraphic study of the site shows that by the Late Period it was already in ruins and is soon covered by new buildings. | WIKI |
| From its proportions, it does not seem to be a major shrine of the goddess, but is currently the only building dedicated to her discovered in the city's ruins. | WIKI |
| A larger temple dedicated to Hathor, indeed one of the foremost shrines of the goddess in the country, is thought to have existed elsewhere in the city, but to date has not been discovered. | WIKI |
| Some of these sanctuaries are attested by ancient hieroglyphs, but have not yet been found among the ruins of the city. | WIKI |
| Surveys and excavations are still continuing at nearby Mit Rahina, and will likely add to the knowledge of the planning of the ancient religious city. | WIKI |
| The temple of Astarte, described by Herodotus, was located in the area reserved to the Phoenicians during the time when the Greek author visited the city, but has not been discovered to date. | WIKI |
| He was given a window in the temple through which he could be seen, and on certain holidays was led through the streets of the city, bedecked with jewellery and flowers. | WIKI |
| Since the early excavations at Memphis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, artefacts have been uncovered in different parts of the city that indicate the presence of a building dedicated to the worship of the sun disc, The Aten. | WIKI |
| The part of the city called Ankh-tawy was already included in the Middle Kingdom necropolis. | WIKI |
| [51] In addition to the palaces described below, other sources indicate the existence of a palace founded in the city by Thutmose I, which was still operating under the reign of Tuthmosis IV. | WIKI |
| [52] Later Apries, had a palatial complex constructed at Kom Tuman on a promontory overlooking the city. | WIKI |
| The centrally located palaces and temples were surrounded by different districts of the city, in which were many craftsmen's workshops, arsenals, and dockyards. | WIKI |
| The city was indeed located at the crossroads of trade routes and thus attracted goods imported from diverse regions of the Mediterranean. | WIKI |
| [54] This area of the city was dominated by the large eastern gate of the temple of Ptah. | WIKI |
| Diplomatic records found on different sites have detailed the correspondence between the city and the various contemporary empires in the Mediterranean, Ancient Near East, and Africa. | WIKI |
| Beginning with the second half of the first millennium BC, the city was detailed more and more intensely in the words of ancient historians, especially with the development of trade ties with Greece. | WIKI |
| The descriptions of the city by travellers who followed the traders in the discovery of Egypt have proved instrumental in reconstructing an image of the glorious past of the ancient capital. | WIKI |
| Herodotus, Greek historian, who visited and described the monuments of the city during the first Persian Achaemenid rule in the fifth century BC [55] Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian, who visited the site in the first century BC, providing later information about the city during the reign of the Ptolemies [56] Strabo, the Hellenistic geographer, who visited during the Roman conquest in the late first century BC [57] | WIKI |
| Subsequently, the city is often cited by other Latin or Greek authors, in rare cases providing an overall description of the city or detailing its cults, as do Suetonius[58] and Ammianus Marcellinus,[59] who pay particular attention to the city's worship of Apis. | WIKI |
| The city was plunged into oblivion during the Christian period that followed. | WIKI |
| Few sources are available to attest to the city's activities during its final stages. | WIKI |
| It was not until the conquest of the country by the Arabs that a description of the city reappears, by which time it was in ruins. | WIKI |
| It was placed before the city's main train station, in a square subsequently named Midxc3xa2n Rameses for over fifty years, before being moved to another location in Giza in 2006 for restoration. | WIKI |
| The site contains many archaeological remains, reflecting what life was like in the ancient Egyptian city, which include temples, of which the most important is the Temple of Ptah in Mit Rahina. | UNESCO |
| Being the seat of royal power for over eight dynasties, the city also contained palaces and ruins survive of the palace of Apries overlooking the city. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The ensemble of structures and associated archaeological remains at Memphis, including the archaic necropolis at Saqqara, dating back to formation of Pharaonic civilization, the limestone step pyramid of Djoser, the oldest pyramid to be constructed, the tombs and pyramids that reflect the development of funerary monuments, and the remains of the city, together form an exceptional testimony to the power and organization of the ancient capital of Egypt. | UNESCO |