Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape' has mentioned 'Mapungubwe' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Kingdom of MapungubweMapungubwec.1075xe2x80x93c.1220StatusKingdomCapitalMapungubweGovernmentMonarchyHistoryxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0K2 and Schroda culture moves to Mapungubwe Hill c.1075xe2x80xa2xc2xa0 1493xe2x80xa2xc2xa0 1581xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Mapungubwe Hill abandoned and population dispersed c.1220 Areaxe2x80xa2xc2xa0Total1,165xc2xa0km2 (450xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Leopard's Kopje Kingdom of Zimbabwe Today part ofSouth AfricaZimbabweBotswana Mapungubwe Cultural LandscapeUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationLimpopo, South AfricaCriteriaCultural:xc2xa0(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)Reference1099bisInscription2003 (27th session)Extensions2014Area28,168.6602xc2xa0ha (69,606.275 acres)Bufferxc2xa0zone104,800xc2xa0ha (259,000 acres)Coordinates22xc2xb011xe2x80xb233xe2x80xb3S 29xc2xb014xe2x80xb220xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf22.19250xc2xb0S 29.23889xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / -22.19250; 29.23889Coordinates: 22xc2xb011xe2x80xb233xe2x80xb3S 29xc2xb014xe2x80xb220xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf22.19250xc2xb0S 29.23889xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / -22.19250; 29.23889Location of Kingdom of Mapungubwe in LimpopoShow map of LimpopoKingdom of Mapungubwe (South Africa)Show map of South Africa | WIKI |
| The Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria. | WIKI |
| Mapungubwe Hill | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Origin 2 Stone masonry 3 Origins of the name 4 Culture and society 5 Re-discovery 6 Burials at Mapungubwe Hill 7 Mapungubwe National Park 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links | WIKI |
| Part of a series on the History of Zimbabwe Ancient history Leopard's Kopje c.900xe2x80x931075 Mapungubwe Kingdom c.1075xe2x80x931220 Zimbabwe Kingdom c.1220xe2x80x931450 Butua Kingdom c.1450xe2x80x931683 Mutapa Kingdom c.1450xe2x80x931760 White settlement pre-1923 Rozvi Empire c.1684xe2x80x931834 Rudd Concession 1888 BSA Company rule 1890xe2x80x931923 First Matabele War 1893xe2x80x931894 Second Matabele War 1896xe2x80x931897 World War I involvement 1914xe2x80x931918 Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1923xe2x80x931980 World War II involvement 1939xe2x80x931945 Malayan Emergencyinvolvement 1948xe2x80x931960 Federation with NorthernRhodesia and Nyasaland 1953xe2x80x931963 Rhodesian Bush War 1964xe2x80x931979 Unilateral Declaration ofIndependence (UDI) 1965 Rhodesia under UDI 1965xe2x80x931979 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Junexe2x80x93Dec 1979 Lancaster House Agreement Dec 1979 British Dependency 1979xe2x80x931980 Zimbabwe 1980xe2x80x93present Gukurahundi 1982xe2x80x931987 Second Congo War 1998xe2x80x932003 Coup d'xc3xa9tat 2017 vte | WIKI |
| The largest settlement from what has been dubbed the Leopard's Kopje culture is known as the K2 culture and was the immediate predecessor to the settlement of Mapungubwe. | WIKI |
| [6] By 1075, the population of K2 had outgrown the area and relocated to Mapungubwe Hill. | WIKI |
| There would have also been a wooden palisade surrounding Mapungubwe Hill. | WIKI |
| The capital of the kingdom was called Mapungubwe, which is where the kingdom gets its name. | WIKI |
| There is controversy regarding the origin and meaning of the name Mapungubwe. | WIKI |
| Conventional wisdom has it that Mapungubwe means "place of jackals," or alternatively, "place where jackals eat", thavha ya dzi phunguhwe, or, according to Fouchxc3xa9xe2x80x94one of the earliest excavators of Mapungubwexe2x80x94"hill of the jackals" (Fouchxc3xa9, 1937 p.xc2xa01). | WIKI |
| Mapungubwe's architecture and spatial arrangement also provide "the earliest evidence for sacred leadership in southern Africa". | WIKI |
| Life in Mapungubwe was centred on family and farming. | WIKI |
| The kingdom was likely divided into a three-tiered hierarchy with the commoners inhabiting low-lying sites, district leaders occupying small hilltops, and the capital at Mapungubwe hill as the supreme authority. | WIKI |
| This type of spatial division occurred first at Mapungubwe but would be replicated in later Butua and Rozwi states. | WIKI |
| [7] The growth in population at Mapungubwe may have led to full-time specialists in ceramics, specifically pottery. | WIKI |
| Gold objects were uncovered in elite burials on the royal hill (Mapungubwe Hill). | WIKI |
| Mapungubwe Hill and K2 were declared national monuments in the 1980s by the government. | WIKI |
| Mapungubwe was added to the South African grade 6 curriculum in 2003. | WIKI |
| Burials at Mapungubwe Hill[edit] | WIKI |
| At least twenty four skeletons were unearthed on Mapungubwe hill but only eleven were available for analysis, with the rest disintegrating upon touch or as soon as they were exposed to light and air. | WIKI |
| Two adult burials (labeled numbers 10 and 14 by the early excavators) as well as one unlabelled skeleton (referred to as the original gold burial)[13] were associated with gold artefacts and were unearthed from the so-called grave area upon Mapungubwe Hill. | WIKI |
| Recent genetic studies found these first two skeletons to be of Khoi/San descent and thought to be a king and queen of Mapungubwe. | WIKI |
| In 2007, the South African Government gave the green light for the skeletal remains that were excavated in 1933 to be reburied on Mapungubwe Hill in a ceremony that took place on 20 November 2007. | WIKI |
| The Mapungubwe Landscape was declared a World Heritage Site on 3 July 2003. | WIKI |
| Panorama from the top of Mapungubwe Hill | WIKI |
| The area is now part of Mapungubwe National Park, which in turn is part of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. | WIKI |
| The total proposed area will be 256,100 hectares or 53% of the entire Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. | WIKI |
| In total Botswana's contribution to the TFCA is expected to be 135,000ha, roughly 28% of the total area of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. | WIKI |
| In phase two the Maramani, Machuchuta as well as Hwali Wildlife Management Areas may also be included extending the size of Zimbabwe's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area to 96,000 hectares or roughly 19%. | WIKI |
| Mapungubwe Hill viewed from the north An archaeological excavation site at Mapungubwe. | WIKI |
| The Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe | WIKI |
| The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape demonstrates the rise and fall of the first indigenous kingdom in Southern Africa between 900 and 1,300 AD. | UNESCO |
| Within the collectively known Zhizo sites are the remains of three capitals - Schroda; Leopardxe2x80x99s Kopje; and the final one located around Mapungubwe hill - and their satellite settlements and lands around the confluence of the Limpopo and the Shashe rivers whose fertility supported a large population within the kingdom. | UNESCO |
| Mapungubwe's position at the crossing of the north/south and east/west routes in southern Africa also enabled it to control trade, through the East African ports to India and China, and throughout southern Africa. | UNESCO |
| Until its demise at the end of the 13th century AD, Mapungubwe was the most important inland settlement in the African subcontinent and the cultural landscape contains a wealth of information in archaeological sites that records its development. | UNESCO |
| Mapungubwe's demise was brought about by climatic change. | UNESCO |
| Mapungubwe's position as a power base shifted north to Great Zimbabwe and, later, Khami. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape contains evidence for an important interchange of human values that led to far-reaching cultural and social changes in Southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The remains in the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape are a remarkably complete testimony to the growth and subsequent decline of the Mapungubwe State which at its height was the largest kingdom in the African subcontinent. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): The establishment of Mapungubwe as a powerful state trading through the East African ports with Arabia and India was a significant stage in the history of the African sub-continent. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (v): The remains in the Mapungubwe cultural landscape graphically illustrate the impact of climate change and record the growth and then decline of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe as a clear record of a culture that became vulnerable to irreversible change. | UNESCO |
| All remains of the main settlements are in the nominated property, as are all major phases of the Mapungubwe kingdomsxe2x80x99 development and decline. | UNESCO |
| The considerable agricultural enterprise of the final phase at Mapungubwe has vanished. | UNESCO |
| The Mapungubwe site and the buffer zone are legally protected through the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999), the World Heritage Convention Act (No 43 of 1999) and the National Environmental Management Act (No 73 of 1989). | UNESCO |