Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Great Zimbabwe National Monument' has mentioned 'Ruins' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| The earliest known written mention of the Great Zimbabwe ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, on the coast of modern-day Mozambique, who recorded it as Symbaoe. | WIKI |
| The word great distinguishes the site from the many hundreds of small ruins, now known as "zimbabwes", spread across the Zimbabwe Highveld. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Name 2 Description 2.1 Settlement 2.2 Construction and growth 2.3 Features of the ruins 2.4 Notable artefacts 2.5 Trade 2.6 Decline 3 History of research and origins of the ruins 3.1 From Portuguese traders to Karl Mauch 3.2 Karl Mauch and the Queen of Sheba 3.3 Carl Peters and Theodore Bent 3.4 The Lemba 3.5 David Randall-MacIver and medieval origin 3.6 Gertrude Caton-Thompson 3.7 Post-1945 research 3.8 Gokomere 3.9 Recent research 3.10 Damage to the ruins 4 Political implications 5 The Great Zimbabwe University 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 External links | WIKI |
| Zimbabwe is the Shona name of the ruins, first recorded in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala. | WIKI |
| [3] The ruins at Great Zimbabwe are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Southern Africa, and are the second oldest after nearby Mapungubwe in South Africa. | WIKI |
| [19] The ruins that survive are built entirely of stone; they span 730xc2xa0ha (1,800 acres). | WIKI |
| Features of the ruins[edit] | WIKI |
| The ruins form three distinct architectural groups. | WIKI |
| [21] The Valley Complex is divided into the Upper and Lower Valley Ruins, with different periods of occupation. | WIKI |
| History of research and origins of the ruins[edit] | WIKI |
| Additionally, with regard to the purpose of the Great Zimbabwe ruins, de Barros asserted that: "in the opinion of the Moors who saw it [Great Zimbabwe] it is very ancient and was built to keep possessions of the mines, which are very old, and no gold has been extracted from them for years, because of the wars... it would seem that some prince who has possession of these mines ordered it to be built as a sign thereof, which he afterwards lost in the course of time and through their being so remote from his kingdom...". | WIKI |
| The ruins were rediscovered during a hunting trip in 1867 by Adam Render, a German-American hunter, prospector and trader in southern Africa,[47] who in 1871 showed the ruins to Karl Mauch, a German explorer and geographer of Africa. | WIKI |
| Karl Mauch recorded the ruins 3 September 1871, and immediately speculated about a possible Biblical association with King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, an explanation which had been suggested by earlier writers such as the Portuguese Joxc3xa3o dos Santos. | WIKI |
| This, and other excavations undertaken for Rhodes, resulted in a book publication that introduced the ruins to English readers. | WIKI |
| Swan (1858-1904), who also visited and surveyed a host of related stone ruins nearby. | WIKI |
| Bent stated in the first edition of his book The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland (1892) that the ruins revealed either the Phoenicians or the Arabs as builders, and he favoured the possibility of great antiquity for the fortress. | WIKI |
| Some further test trenches were then put down outside the lower Great Enclosure and in the Valley Ruins, which unearthed domestic ironwork, glass beads, and a gold bracelet. | WIKI |
| Damage to the ruins[edit] | WIKI |
| Damage to the ruins has taken place throughout the last century. | WIKI |
| [50] More extensive damage was caused by the mining of some of the ruins for gold. | WIKI |
| [92][93] Another source of damage to the ruins has been due to the site being open to visitors with many cases of people climbing the walls, walking over archaeological deposits, and the over-use of certain paths all have had major impacts on the structures at the site. | WIKI |
| A closeup of Great Zimbabwe ruins, 2006 | WIKI |
| When white colonialists like Cecil Rhodes first saw the ruins, they saw them as a sign of the great riches that the area would yield to its new masters. | WIKI |
| In the early 21st century, the government of Zimbabwe endorsed the creation of a university in the vicinity of the ruins. | WIKI |
| The property, built between 1100 and 1450 AD, extends over almost 800 ha and is divided into three groups: the Hill Ruins, the Great Enclosure and the Valley Ruins. | UNESCO |
| The Hill Ruins, forming a huge granite mass atop a spur facing north-east/south-west, were continuously inhabited from the 11th to 15th centuries, and there are numerous layers of traces of human settlements. | UNESCO |
| The Valley Ruins are a series of living ensembles scattered throughout the valley which date to the 19th century. | UNESCO |
| The divine soapstone figurines, the Zimbabwe Birds, found within the ruins are testimony to the use of the site as place of worship spanning from the ancient past to the present day. | UNESCO |