Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Great Zimbabwe National Monument' has mentioned 'Great Zimbabwe' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Great Zimbabwe is an ancient city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe near Lake Mutirikwe and the town of Masvingo. | WIKI |
| Great Zimbabwe is believed to have served as a royal palace for the local monarch. | WIKI |
| The earliest known written mention of the Great Zimbabwe ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, on the coast of modern-day Mozambique, who recorded it as Symbaoe. | WIKI |
| [7] Great Zimbabwe has since been adopted as a national monument by the Zimbabwean government, and the modern independent state was named after it. | WIKI |
| [8] There are 200 such sites in southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique, with monumental, mortarless walls; Great Zimbabwe is the largest of these. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Name 2 Description 2.1 Settlement 2.2 Construction and growth 2.3 Features of the ruins 2.4 Notable artefacts 2.5 Trade 2.6 Decline 3 History of research and origins of the ruins 3.1 From Portuguese traders to Karl Mauch 3.2 Karl Mauch and the Queen of Sheba 3.3 Carl Peters and Theodore Bent 3.4 The Lemba 3.5 David Randall-MacIver and medieval origin 3.6 Gertrude Caton-Thompson 3.7 Post-1945 research 3.8 Gokomere 3.9 Recent research 3.10 Damage to the ruins 4 Political implications 5 The Great Zimbabwe University 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 External links | WIKI |
| The conical tower inside the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe | WIKI |
| Overview of Great Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| The Great Zimbabwe area was settled by the fourth century AD. | WIKI |
| [3] The ruins at Great Zimbabwe are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Southern Africa, and are the second oldest after nearby Mapungubwe in South Africa. | WIKI |
| [15] Its growth has been linked to the decline of Mapungubwe from around 1300, due to climatic change[16] or the greater availability of gold in the hinterland of Great Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| Traditional estimates are that Great Zimbabwe had as many as 18,000 inhabitants at its peak. | WIKI |
| Archaeological evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe became a centre for trading, with artefacts[30] suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network linked to Kilwa[31] and extending as far as China. | WIKI |
| Despite these strong international trade links, there is no evidence to suggest exchange of architectural concepts between Great Zimbabwe and centres such as Kilwa. | WIKI |
| [17][35] The Mutapa state arose in the fifteenth century from the northward expansion of the Great Zimbabwe tradition,[36] having been founded by Nyatsimba Mutota from Great Zimbabwe after he was sent to find new sources of salt in the north;[37] (this supports the belief that Great Zimbabwe's decline was due to a shortage of resources). | WIKI |
| Great Zimbabwe also predates the Khami and Nyanga cultures. | WIKI |
| Great Zimbabwe appears on Abraham Ortelius' 1570 map Africae Tabula Nova, rendered "Simbaoe". | WIKI |
| However, passing en route a few kilometres north and about 56xc2xa0km (35xc2xa0mi) south of the site, he did not make a reference to Great Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| [39][40] Portuguese traders heard about the remains of the ancient city in the early 16th century, and records survive of interviews and notes made by some of them, linking Great Zimbabwe to gold production and long-distance trade. | WIKI |
| [41] Two of those accounts mention an inscription above the entrance to Great Zimbabwe, written in characters not known to the Arab merchants who had seen it. | WIKI |
| [43] Joxc3xa3o de Barros left another such description of Great Zimbabwe in 1538, as recounted to him by Moorish traders who had visited the area and possessed knowledge of the hinterland. | WIKI |
| [44] As to the actual identity of the builders of Great Zimbabwe, de Barros writes:[45] | WIKI |
| Additionally, with regard to the purpose of the Great Zimbabwe ruins, de Barros asserted that: "in the opinion of the Moors who saw it [Great Zimbabwe] it is very ancient and was built to keep possessions of the mines, which are very old, and no gold has been extracted from them for years, because of the wars... it would seem that some prince who has possession of these mines ordered it to be built as a sign thereof, which he afterwards lost in the course of time and through their being so remote from his kingdom...". | WIKI |
| Thus, Great Zimbabwe appears to have still been inhabited as recently as the early 16th century. | WIKI |
| The construction of Great Zimbabwe is also claimed by the Lemba. | WIKI |
| However, archaeological evidence and recent scholarship support the construction of Great Zimbabwe (and the origin of its culture) by the Shona and Venda peoples. | WIKI |
| Since the 1950s, there has been consensus among archaeologists as to the African origins of Great Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| [68][69] Artefacts and radiocarbon dating indicate settlement in at least the fifth century, with continuous settlement of Great Zimbabwe between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries[70] and the bulk of the finds from the fifteenth century. | WIKI |
| Archaeological evidence indicates that it constitutes an early phase of the Great Zimbabwe culture. | WIKI |
| More recent archaeological work has been carried out by Peter Garlake, who has produced the comprehensive descriptions of the site,[83][84][85] David Beach[2][86][87] and Thomas Huffman,[71][88] who have worked on the chronology and development of Great Zimbabwe and Gilbert Pwiti, who has published extensively on trade links. | WIKI |
| [17][36][89] Today, the most recent consensus appears to attribute the construction of Great Zimbabwe to the Shona people. | WIKI |
| A closeup of Great Zimbabwe ruins, 2006 | WIKI |
| [94] Preben Kaarsholm writes that both colonial and black nationalist groups invoked Great Zimbabwe's past to support their vision of the country's present, through the media of popular history and of fiction. | WIKI |
| [41] Pikirayi and Kaarsholm suggest that this presentation of Great Zimbabwe was partly intended to encourage settlement and investment in the area. | WIKI |
| I was the archaeologist stationed at Great Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| This suppression of archaeology culminated in the departure from the country of prominent archaeologists of Great Zimbabwe, including Peter Garlake, Senior Inspector of Monuments for Rhodesia, and Roger Summers of the National Museum. | WIKI |
| To black nationalist groups, Great Zimbabwe became an important symbol of achievement by Africans: reclaiming its history was a major aim for those seeking majority rule. | WIKI |
| After the creation of the modern state of Zimbabwe in 1980, Great Zimbabwe has been employed to mirror and legitimise shifting policies of the ruling regime. | WIKI |
| [41][103] A tower of the Great Zimbabwe is also depicted on the coat of arms of Zimbabwe. | WIKI |
| Some of the carvings had been taken from Great Zimbabwe around 1890 and sold to Cecil Rhodes, who was intrigued and had copies made which he gave to friends. | WIKI |
| The Great Zimbabwe University[edit] | WIKI |
| Main article: Great Zimbabwe University | WIKI |
| Great Zimbabwe National Monument is approximately 30 km from Masvingo and located in the lowveld at an altitude of some 1100 m in a sparsely populated region of the Bantu/Shona people. | UNESCO |
| Scientific research has proved that Great Zimbabwe was founded in the 11th century on a site which had been sparsely inhabited in the prehistoric period, by a Bantu population of the Iron Age, the Shona. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The ruins of Great Zimbabwe bear a unique testimony to the lost civilisation of the Shona between the 11th and 15th centuries. | UNESCO |
| The natural environment within and around the Great Zimbabwe Estate is important for the survival of the archaeological remains and the understanding of the relationship between the built environment and its setting. | UNESCO |
| The method of construction is unique in African architecture and, although they are examples of similar work elsewhere, none are as distinguished and imposing as Great Zimbabwe. | UNESCO |