Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Everglades National Park' has mentioned 'Water' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the South Florida metropolitan area. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Climate 4 Hydrography 5 Ecosystems 5.1 Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies 5.2 Tropical hardwood hammocks 5.3 Pineland 5.4 Cypress and mangrove 5.5 Coastal lowlands 5.6 Marine and estuarine 6 Human history 6.1 Native peoples 6.2 American settlements 6.3 Land development and conservation 7 Park history 7.1 Restoration efforts 7.2 Park economics 7.3 Leadership and administration 8 Activities 8.1 Trails 8.2 Camping and recreation 8.3 Dark skies site 9 Threats to the park and ecology 9.1 Diversion and quality of water 9.2 Urban encroachment 9.3 Endangered and threatened animals 9.4 Drought, fire, and rising sea levels 9.5 Non-native species 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links | WIKI |
| [11] Tiny bits of shell, sand, and bryozoans compressed over multiple layers forming structures in the limestone called ooids, which created permeable conditions that hold water. | WIKI |
| [14] The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight risesxe2x80x94called pinnaclesxe2x80x94and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. | WIKI |
| The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and marl, the result of dried periphyton, or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. | WIKI |
| Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and the amount of water present. | WIKI |
| While they are common in the northern portion of Florida, no underground springs feed water into the Everglades system. | WIKI |
| [18] The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. | WIKI |
| Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. | WIKI |
| Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing the fresh water supply for the region. | WIKI |
| Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the Kissimmee River and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. | WIKI |
| Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113xc2xa0km) wide, which moves almost imperceptibly. | WIKI |
| [21] The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors. | WIKI |
| The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). | WIKI |
| Freshwater marl prairies are similar to sloughs but lack the slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called marl. | WIKI |
| [24] Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in peat, the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout the year. | WIKI |
| Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. | WIKI |
| Other grasses, such as muhly grass (Muhlenbergia filipes) and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies. | WIKI |
| Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. | WIKI |
| The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughsxe2x80x94which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around themxe2x80x94but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. | WIKI |
| Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from the water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. | WIKI |
| Mangrove trees cover the coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. | WIKI |
| With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. | WIKI |
| Manatees inhabit shallow water around mangroves. | WIKI |
| Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. | WIKI |
| Floods occur during hurricane and tropical storm surges when ocean water can rise several feet over the land. | WIKI |
| Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plantsxe2x80x94succulents like saltwort and glasswortxe2x80x94tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. | WIKI |
| Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis), Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), wood stork (Mycteria americana), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits. | WIKI |
| The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing sugarcane. | WIKI |
| Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. | WIKI |
| This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades. | WIKI |
| [69] The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. | WIKI |
| Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in food webs. | WIKI |
| [70] Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source. | WIKI |
| She studied the land and water for five years and published The Everglades: River of Grass in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including a chapter on its disappearance. | WIKI |
| She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire. | WIKI |
| [81] The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of 1,400 miles (2,300xc2xa0km) of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean. | WIKI |
| The C&SF, run by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. | WIKI |
| The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through. | WIKI |
| The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. | WIKI |
| A little blue heron hunting in water near the Anhinga Trail | WIKI |
| President George H. W. Bush signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added 109,506 acres (171.1xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 443.2xc2xa0km2) to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to airboats, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the Secretary of the Interior to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem. | WIKI |
| "[86] Bush remarked in his statement when signing the act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water". | WIKI |
| It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits". | WIKI |
| CERP projects are designed to capture 1.7xc2xa0billion US gallons (6,400,000xc2xa0m3) of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release the water to areas within 16xc2xa0counties in South Florida. | WIKI |
| Approximately 35,600 acres (55.6xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 144.1xc2xa0km2) of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and 240 miles (390xc2xa0km) of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed. | WIKI |
| Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. | WIKI |
| Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are no-wake zones to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. | WIKI |
| Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. | WIKI |
| Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. | WIKI |
| Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. | WIKI |
| Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas. | WIKI |
| Diversion and quality of water[edit] | WIKI |
| Bromeliads flourish on bald cypress trees as a great egret hunts in the water | WIKI |
| [112] The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the Everglades National Park's number one threat. | WIKI |
| In the 1950s and 1960s, 1,400 miles (2,300xc2xa0km) of canals and levees, 150xc2xa0gates and spillways, and 16xc2xa0pumping stations were constructed to direct water toward cities and away from the Everglades. | WIKI |
| Low levels of water leave fish vulnerable to reptiles and birds, and as sawgrass dries it can burn or die off, which in turn kills apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon. | WIKI |
| [102] Populations of birds fluctuate; in 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed wading birds across South Florida increased by 335xc2xa0percent. | WIKI |
| Nitrates in the underground water system and high levels of mercury also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives. | WIKI |
| [102] In 1998, a Florida panther was found dead in Shark Water Slough, with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human. | WIKI |
| [115] Increased occurrences of algal blooms and red tide in Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay have been traced to the amounts of controlled water released from Lake Okeechobee. | WIKI |
| Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,[117] and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. | WIKI |
| [126] Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered snail kite. | WIKI |
| Fire naturally occurs after lightning storms but takes its heaviest toll when water levels are low. | WIKI |
| In 2007, Fred Sklar of the South Florida Water Management District said: "An extreme drought can be viewed (as) almost as catastrophic as a volcano. | WIKI |
| [131] It is estimated that within 500 years freshwater habitats in the Everglades National Park will be obliterated by salt water, leaving only the northernmost portion of the Everglades. | WIKI |
| Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. | WIKI |
| Its juncture at the interface of temperate and sub-tropical America, fresh and brackish water, shallow bays and deeper coastal waters creates a complex of habitats supporting a high diversity of flora and fauna. | UNESCO |
| The exceptional variety of its water habitats has made it a sanctuary for a large number of birds and reptiles and it provides refuge for over 20 rare, endangered, and threatened species. | UNESCO |
| Just to the north (upstream) of the park the wetlands are protected within Florida state-managed Water Conservation Areas (350,000 hectares). | UNESCO |
| Water management manipulations have been recognized as the largest environmental threat to the park and the larger Everglades ecosystem. | UNESCO |
| The water flow volumes into the northern boundary of the park are believed to have decreased by approximately 60 percent compared to estimates of pre-drainage flows. | UNESCO |
| Problems with water quality and with changes in the timing and distribution of inflows have also been well documented, and these have had detrimental impacts on the native wildlife and vegetation populations. | UNESCO |
| Water is diverted in upstream areas to provide flood protection and water supply for the expanding south Florida human population. | UNESCO |
| Loss of organic soils across park habitats, due to wildfires and oxidation associated with overdrainage, occurred during and after the major elements of the water management system were constructed between 1900 and 1970. | UNESCO |
| The native plant and animal communities of southern Florida are extremely vulnerable to disturbance from human activities, and are threatened by agricultural and urban expansion, drainage, deliberate and accidental burning, water and air pollution, and the introduction of exotic species. | UNESCO |
| Management actions primarily involve the implementation of flow restoration and water quality improvement projects to be constructed in the upstream basins, and focus on re-establishment of flow in the central part of the ecosystem, including the park. | UNESCO |