Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd' has mentioned 'Castle' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in GwyneddUNESCO World Heritage SiteThe entrance of Caernarfon CastleLocationGwynedd, Wales, United KingdomIncludesCaernarfon Castle, Harlech Castle, Conwy Castle, Beaumaris Castle, Caernarfon town walls, Conwy town wallsCriteriaCultural: i, iii, ivReference374Inscription1986 (10th session)Coordinates53xc2xb08xe2x80xb223xe2x80xb3N 4xc2xb016xe2x80xb237xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf53.13972xc2xb0N 4.27694xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 53.13972; -4.27694Location of GwyneddShow map of WalesCastles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United Kingdom | WIKI |
| Caernarfon's castle and town walls incorporated expensive stonework, probably intended to evoke images of Arthurian or Roman imperial power in order to bolster Edward's personal prestige. | WIKI |
| Edward had extensive experience of warfare and sieges, having fought in Wales in 1257, led the six-month siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266 and joined the crusade to North Africa in 1270. | WIKI |
| [6] He had seen numerous European fortifications, including the planned walled town and castle design at Aigues-Mortes. | WIKI |
| Plans were probably made to establish a castle and walled settlement near the strategically important town of Llanfaes on Anglesey xe2x80x93 the future Beaumaris xe2x80x93 but were postponed due to the costs of the other projects. | WIKI |
| [15] The native Welsh rulers had prized the former Roman site at Caernarfon for its imperial symbolism, and parts of the fortifications of the Welsh princes were seized and symbolically reused to build Edward's new castle there. | WIKI |
| [20] The costs were huge: Caernarfon's castle and walls cost xc2xa315,500, Conwy's castle and walls came to around xc2xa315,000 and Harlech Castle cost xc2xa38,190 to construct. | WIKI |
| [10] By the end of the year, Edward had returned to Wales with a large army and marched west from Chester, reaching his castle at Conwy by Christmas. | WIKI |
| [26] Caernarfon, however, was still only partially completed and was stormed by Welsh forces and the castle and town set alight. | WIKI |
| [28] The deportation of the local Welsh opened the way for the construction of an English town, protected by a substantial castle. | WIKI |
| By 1300 only Harlech and Conwy had been properly completed: Caernarfon's town walls were finished, but much of the castle was still incomplete and at Beaumaris Castle the inner walls was only half their intended height, with gaps in the outer walls. | WIKI |
| The money given to the castle constables to enable them to maintain and garrison the castles had not been generous to start with, but the sums provided declined considerably during the 14th century. | WIKI |
| Richard returned from Ireland in August 1399 and took shelter in the castle from the forces of his rival, Henry Bolingbroke. | WIKI |
| [40] Henry Percy, Bolingbroke's emissary, went into the castle to conduct negotiations with the king. | WIKI |
| [41] Henry Percy took an oath in the castle chapel to protect the king if he agreed to leave the castle, but when Richard left he was promptly taken prisoner, and was taken away to die later in captivity at Pontefract Castle. | WIKI |
| John Speed recorded the future World Heritage sites in a sequence of famous 1610 maps, such as this one showing the castle and the adjacent walled town of Beaumaris. | WIKI |
| [47] Harlech was attacked and taken at the end of 1404, becoming Glyndxc5xb5r's military headquarters until English forces under the command of the future Henry V retook the castle in a siege over the winter of 1408xe2x80x9309. | WIKI |
| [54] Complaints about the poor state of Beaumaris mounted, and by 1609 the castle was classed as "utterlie decayed". | WIKI |
| Beaumaris was restored to the control of the Bulkeley family, traditionally the constables of the castle, who promptly stripped the castle of any remaining materials, including the roofs, and Conwy was returned to the Conway family, who stripped down the castle for lead and timber, reducing it to a ruin as well. | WIKI |
| [65] Charles' new government regarded Caernarfon's castle and town walls as a security risk and ordered them to be destroyed, but this order was never carried out, possibly because of the costs involved in doing so. | WIKI |
| In the 1830s the stonework of Caenarfon Castle began to collapse, and the Crown employed Anthony Salvin to conduct emergency repairs. | WIKI |
| The deputy-constable, Llewellyn Turner, oversaw the work, controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework. | WIKI |
| [74] Despite the protests of local residents, the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-medieval buildings that were considered to spoil the view. | WIKI |
| [2] The sites included concentric defences, in which inner castle walls were completely enclosed within outer defences, with the height and angles calculated to allow both rings of walls to fire on external attackers, as seen at Harlech and Beaumaris. | WIKI |
| [103] Historian Arnold Taylor argued that the design of the castle was a representation of the Walls of Constantinople. | WIKI |
| Walls and towers of Saillon and the corbelled features of La Bxc3xa2tiaz Castle | WIKI |
| [113] The castle design formed an inner and an outer ward, surrounded in turn by a moat, now partially filled. | WIKI |
| [114] The main entrance to the castle was the "Gate next the Sea", next to the castle's tidal dock that allowed it to be supplied directly by sea. | WIKI |
| [116] The outer ward consisted of an eight-sided curtain wall with twelve turrets; one gateway led out to the Gate next the Sea, and the other, the Llanfaes Gate, led out to the north side of the castle. | WIKI |
| [118] The inner ward was intended to hold the accommodation and other domestic buildings of the castle, with ranges of buildings stretching along the west and east sides of the ward; some of the remains of the fireplaces for these buildings can still be seen in the stonework. | WIKI |
| Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris as Britain's "most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning", and for many years the castle was regarded as the pinnacle of military engineering during Edward I's reign. | WIKI |
| [120] The castle is considered by UNESCO to be a "unique artistic achievement" for the way in which is combines "characteristic 13th century double-wall structures with a central plan" and for the beauty of its "proportions and masonry". | WIKI |
| Harlech Castle rests upon the spur of rock called the Harlech Dome; the land falls away sharply on the north and west, and a ditch cut into the rock protects the remaining approaches to the castle. | WIKI |
| [122] The castle has a concentric design, with one line of defences enclosed by another, forming an inner and outer ward; the outer wall was originally somewhat taller than today. | WIKI |
| [124] The main entrance to the castle would have involved crossing a stone bridge between the two easterly ditch bridge towers and the main gatehouse; little remains of the bridge towers today and a timber entrance way to the gatehouse replaces the bridge. | WIKI |
| [127] The passage into the castle was guarded by three portcullises and at least two heavy doors. | WIKI |
| Defensive firing galleries were built along the southern side of the castle. | WIKI |
| There are two main entrances, the King's Gate, leading from the town, and the Queen's Gate, allowing more direct access to the castle. | WIKI |
| All that remains of the buildings contained within the castle are the foundations. | WIKI |
| [136] They are mostly built from the same carboniferous limestone used at the castle. | WIKI |
| Conwy Castle hugs a rocky coastal ridge of grey sandstone and limestone, and much of the stone from the castle is largely taken from the ridge itself, probably when the site was first cleared. | WIKI |
| [139] The castle has a rectangular plan and is divided into an inner and outer ward, with four large towers on each side. | WIKI |
| [140] The main entrance to the castle is through the western barbican, an exterior defence in front of the main gate. | WIKI |
| [142] A postern gate originally led down to the river where a small dock was built, allowing key visitors to enter the castle in private and for the fortress to be resupplied by boat. | WIKI |
| [98] On the east side of the inner ward is another barbican, enclosing the castle garden. | WIKI |
| [147] They are mostly built from the same local sand- and limestone used at the castle, but with additional rhyolite stone used along the upper parts of the eastern walls. | WIKI |
| The concentric design of Beaumaris meant the outer curtain was overlooked entirely by the castle's inner ward | WIKI |
| The essential relationship between their coastal landscapes and each castle remains intact and in two cases the intimate interrelationship of castle and town remains a striking feature of the present day urban landscape; while a reassessment of the boundaries could be considered, the wider landscape setting needs to be protected. | UNESCO |
| Currently, there is no buffer zone but the xe2x80x98essential settingxe2x80x99 of and xe2x80x98significant viewsxe2x80x99 from each castle have been defined in the management plan. | UNESCO |