Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Archaeological Site of Troy' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Homeric ancient city in northwest Asia Minor | WIKI |
| The city began as a citadel at the top, ended by covering the entire height to the south (the north being precipitous)[2]HistoryBuilderVarious peoples living in the region at different historical periodsMaterialNative limestone, wood, mudbrickFounded3500 BC from the start of Troy ZeroAbandonedMain periods of abandonment as a residential city:950 BC xe2x80x93 750 BC450 AD xe2x80x93 1200 AD1300 ADCulturesBronze Age (entire)Dark Age (partial)Classical and Hellenistic Periods (entire)Roman Empire (entire)Byzantine Empire (one century)Associatedxc2xa0withLuwian speakers in the Late Bronze Age, Greek speakers subsequentlySite notesArchaeologistsThe Calverts, Heinrich Schliemann, Wilhelm Dxc3xb6rpfeldCarl Blegen and the University of Cincinnati, Manfred Korfmann and the University of Txc3xbcbingen, Rxc3xbcstem Aslan of xc3x87anakkale Onsekiz Mart University (current)ConditionHigh authenticity, low degree of reconstructionOwnershipState property of the Turkish Republic through the Ministry of Culture and TourismManagementGeneral Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums in conjunction with other relevant local organizationsPublicxc2xa0accessRegular visiting hours, bus access, some parkingWebsiteUnesco WHS 849 UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameArchaeological Site of TroyTypeCulturalCriteria(ii)(iii)(vi)Designated1998 (22nd session)Referencexc2xa0no.849 | WIKI |
| For much of Troy's archaeological history, the plain was an inlet of the sea, with Troy Ridge projecting into it, hence Korfmann's classification of it as a maritime city. | WIKI |
| Troy (Ancient Greek: xcexa4xcfx81xcexbfxcexafxcexb1, Troxc3xada, xe1xbcxbcxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd, xc4xaaxccx81lion or xe1xbcxbcxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcfx82, xc4xaaxccx81lios; Latin: Troia, also xc4xaalium;[note 1] Hittite: xf0x92x8cxb7xf0x92x83xbexf0x92x87xbbxf0x92x8axad Wilusa or xf0x92x8bxabxf0x92x8ax92xf0x92x84xbfxf0x92x8axad Truwisa;[3][4] Turkish: Truva or Troya), also Ilium, was a city in the northwest of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), southwest of the xc3x87anakkale Strait, south of the mouth of the Dardanelles and northwest of Mount Ida. | WIKI |
| Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey suggests that the name xe1xbcxbcxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: xcfx9cxcexafxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd (Wilion);[note 3] this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city, Wilusa. | WIKI |
| The city was destroyed at the end of the Bronze Age xe2x80x93 a phase that is generally believed to represent the end of the Trojan War xe2x80x93 and was abandoned or near-abandoned during the subsequent Dark Age. | WIKI |
| After this, the site acquired a new, Greek-speaking population, and the city became, along with the rest of Anatolia, a part of the Persian Empire. | WIKI |
| The Troad, the region containing the former city, was then conquered by Alexander the Great, an admirer of Achilles, who he believed had the same type of glorious (but short-lived) destiny. | WIKI |
| Troy's physical location on Hisarlik was forgotten in antiquity, and, by the early modern era, even its existence as a Bronze Age city was questioned and held to be mythical or quasi-mythical. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 The name 2 Homeric Troy 3 Excavation history 3.1 The search for Troy 3.1.1 The Calverts 3.1.1.1 Charles Lander 3.1.1.2 Frederick Calvert 3.1.1.2.1 Calvert investments in the Troad 3.1.1.2.2 Crimean War debacle 3.1.1.2.3 The "Possidhon affair" and its aftermath 3.1.1.3 Frank Calvert 3.1.2 The Schliemanns 3.2 Modern excavations 3.2.1 Wilhelm Dxc3xb6rpfeld 3.2.2 University of Cincinnati 3.2.2.1 Carl Blegen 3.2.3 Korfmann 3.2.4 Becker 3.2.5 Recent developments 4 Site conservation 4.1 Troy Historical National Park 4.2 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.3 Troy Museum 5 Fortifications of the city 6 Prehistory of Troy 6.1 Table of layers 6.2 Troy Ixe2x80x93V 6.2.1 Schliemann's Troy II 6.3 Troy VI and VII 6.3.1 Calvert's Thousand-Year Gap 7 Historical Troy 7.1 Troy in Late Bronze Age Hittite and Egyptian records 7.2 The Trojan language question 7.3 Dark Age Troy 7.4 Classical and Hellenistic Troy (Troy VIII) 7.5 Roman Troy (Troy IX) 7.6 Ecclesiastical Troy in late antiquity 7.7 Modern ecclesiastical Troy 8 Alternative views 8.1 Unusual locations 8.2 Medieval legends 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Reference bibliography 13 Additional sources 13.1 General 13.2 Archaeological 13.3 Geographical 13.4 Concerning ecclesiastical history 13.5 Concerning legend 14 External links | WIKI |
| For example, most of the peninsula was ruled at the time by the Hittite empire, and there is a document that seems to refer to a treaty between them and a king Alaksandu of a city called Wilusa. | WIKI |
| Homeric Troy refers primarily to the city described in the Iliad, one of the earliest literary works of the Western Canon. | WIKI |
| The city was defended by a coalition of states in the Dardanelles and West Anatolian region under another high king, Priam, whose capital was Troy. | WIKI |
| After the literary time of the poem, the city was destroyed when the Greeks pretended to leave after secreting a squad of soldiers in a gigantic wooden horse monument, which the Trojans brought inside the walls. | WIKI |
| The site of the ancient city is some 5 kilometres (3.1xc2xa0mi) from the coast today, but 3,000 years ago the mouths of Scamander were much closer to the city,[16] discharging into a large bay that formed a natural harbor, which has since been filled with alluvial material. | WIKI |
| In 1822, the Scottish journalist Charles Maclaren was the first to identify with confidence the position of the city as it is now known. | WIKI |
| Korfmann proposed that the location of the city (close to the Dardanelles) indicated a commercially oriented city that would have been at the center of a vibrant trade between the Black Sea, Aegean, Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean regions. | WIKI |
| In August 1993, following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. | WIKI |
| [74] It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once marked the outer defenses of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. | WIKI |
| In the olive groves surrounding the citadel, there are portions of land that were difficult to plow, suggesting that there are undiscovered portions of the city lying there. | WIKI |
| The latter city has been dated by his team to about 1250xc2xa0BC, and it has been also suggestedxe2x80x94based on recent archeological evidence uncovered by Professor Manfred Korfmann's teamxe2x80x94that this was indeed the Homeric city of Troy. | WIKI |
| He was conducting an excavation in 1992 to locate outer walls of the ancient city. | WIKI |
| Wooden Trojan Horse monument in the plaza before the modern gate to the ancient city | WIKI |
| [82] The site's cultural significance is gained from the multitudes of literature regarding the famed city and history over centuries. | WIKI |
| Fortifications of the city[edit] | WIKI |
| "[84] Any archaeological candidate for being the literary city would therefore have to show evidence for the walls and towers. | WIKI |
| The second run of excavations, under Korfmann, revealed that the walls of the first run were not the entire suite of walls for the city, and only partially represent the citadel. | WIKI |
| According to Korfmann, "There was also a lower city that went with the Late Bronze Age Troja,...1750xe2x80x931200 BC. | WIKI |
| "[87] This city had a perimeter of 2.5 kilometres (1.6xc2xa0mi) and enclosed an area 16 times that of the citadel. | WIKI |
| The present-day walls of Troy, then, portray little of the ancient city's appearance, any more than bare foundations characterize a building. | WIKI |
| Illustration by Bibi Saint-Pol[90] A diachronic plan superposing several of the citadels placed successively on the hill of Hisarlik, each termed by Schliemann a "city." | WIKI |
| What Schliemann found is that the area now called "the citadel" or "the upper city" was apparently placed on virgin soil. | WIKI |
| Like everyone else, he speculated whether a new city represented a different population, and what its relationship to the old was. | WIKI |
| He concentrated on the Roman city, which was not suspected as being over Bronze Age remains. | WIKI |
| A Bronze Age city, at low elevations, was discovered beneath it. | WIKI |
| As it is unlikely that there were two Troys side by side, the lower city must have been the main seat of residence, to which the upper city served as citadel. | WIKI |
| Korfman now referred to the layers of the lower city as associated with the layers of the citadel. | WIKI |
| The lower city was many times the size of the citadel, answering the size objection. | WIKI |
| Troy was founded as an apparently maritime city on the shore of this inlet, which persisted throughout the early layers and was present to a lesser degree, farther away, subsequently. | WIKI |
| Trench flooding has slowed investigation of the lower levels in the lower city. | WIKI |
| Korfmann discovered that the city was not placed on virgin soil, as Schliemann had concluded. | WIKI |
| Regardless of whether the city was abandoned at 450 AD, a population was back for the Middle Ages, which, for those times, was under the Byzantine Empire. | WIKI |
| The first city on the site was founded in the 3rd millennium BC. | WIKI |
| During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass. | WIKI |
| [99] The first phase of the city is characterized by a smaller citadel, around 91xc2xa0m (300xc2xa0ft) in diameter, with 20 rectangular houses surrounded by massive walls, towers, and gateways. | WIKI |
| When Schliemann came across Troy II, in 1871, he believed he had found Homer's city. | WIKI |
| As Schliemann states in his publication Troja: "I have proved that in a remote antiquity there was in the plain of Troy a large city, destroyed of old by a fearful catastrophe, which had on the hill of Hisarlxc4xb1k only its Acropolis with its temples and a few other large edifices, southerly, and westerly direction on the site of the later Ilium; and that, consequently, this city answers perfectly to the Homeric description of the sacred site of Ilios. | WIKI |
| Troy VI was a large and significant city, home to at least 5,000 people with foreign contacts in Anatolia and the Aegean. | WIKI |
| These pillars have been interpreted as symbols for the religious cults of the city. | WIKI |
| This provided evidence of a small lower city south of the Hellenistic city walls. | WIKI |
| Although the size of this city is unknown due to erosion and regular building activities, there is significant evidence that was uncovered by Blegen in 1953 during an excavation of the site. | WIKI |
| [citation needed] This rebuild continued the trend of having a heavily fortified citadel to preserve the outer rim of the city in the face of earthquakes and sieges of the central city. | WIKI |
| [100] The city was rebuilt as Troy VIIa, with most of the population moving within the walls of the citadel. | WIKI |
| In Homer's description of the city, a section of one side of the wall is said to be weaker than the rest. | WIKI |
| [115] Dxc3xb6rpfeld was convinced he had found the walls of Homer's city, and now he would excavate the city itself. | WIKI |
| Schliemann himself had conceded that Troy VI was more likely to be the Homeric city, but he never published anything stating so. | WIKI |
| [117] The only counter-argument, confirmed initially by Dxc3xb6rpfeld (who was as passionate as Schliemann about finding Troy), was that the city appeared to have been destroyed by an earthquake, not by men. | WIKI |
| [121] After an earthquake brought down the walls of the city at its floruit about 1300 BC, the same people rebuilt the city even more magnificently than before. | WIKI |
| The excavation of the lower city uncovered a water distribution system containing 160 metres (520xc2xa0ft) of tunnels tapping sources higher up on the ridge. | WIKI |
| Dates from the floor deposits obtained by the Uranium-thorium dating method indicate that water was flowing through the tunnels "as early as the third millenium BC;" thus the early city made sure that it had an internal water supply. | WIKI |
| [129] The tablet was discovered in the lower city, archaeologically out of the way until now, but undoubtedly more populous and frequented than the citadel. | WIKI |
| In both Blegen and Korfmann, Homeric Troy ends at the end of Blegen's Troy VIIa, Korfmann's VIi, with the burning of the city, presumably by Achaeans. | WIKI |
| Their enemies would have cleared them entirely away, leaving the ruined city vacant and non-dangerous. | WIKI |
| The archaeology suggests that the literary implication of a deserted city is probably not true. | WIKI |
| The city was burned one last time, an event contemporaneous with the general destruction of the Mycenaean palaces. | WIKI |
| After the abandonment of the city, the ware appears in the highlands, leading Blegen to conjecture that the Trojans gradually withdrew in that direction. | WIKI |
| In the lower city was pottery from the early and middle Proto-geometric period, characteristic of the Dark Age. | WIKI |
| The Trojans may have escaped to the hills, but their burned city was occupied by their incendiary opponents, whoever they were. | WIKI |
| A Greek colony arrived there to plant a new city about 750 BC, archaeological Troy VIII. | WIKI |
| In 399, the Spartan general Dercylidas expelled the Greek garrison at Ilion who were controlling the city on behalf of the Lampsacene dynasts during a campaign which rolled back Persian influence throughout the Troad. | WIKI |
| [136] In 360xe2x80x93359 the city was briefly controlled by Charidemus of Oreus, a Euboean mercenary leader who occasionally worked for the Athenians. | WIKI |
| [138] In May 334 Alexander the Great crossed the Hellespont and came to the city, where he visited the temple of Athena Ilias, made sacrifices at the tombs of the Homeric heroes, and made the city free and exempt from taxes. | WIKI |
| [142] The governing body of the koinon was the synedrion on which each city was represented by two delegates. | WIKI |
| The day-to-day running of the synedrion, especially in relation to its finances, was left to a college of five agonothetai, on which no city ever had more than one representative. | WIKI |
| This system of equal (rather than proportional) representation ensured that no one city could politically dominate the koinon. | WIKI |
| [144] In addition, the koinon financed new building projects at Ilion, for example a new theatre c.xc2xa0306 and the expansion of the sanctuary and temple of Athena Ilias in the 3rd century, in order to make the city a suitable venue for such a large festival. | WIKI |
| In the period 302xe2x80x93281, Ilion and the Troad were part of the kingdom of Lysimachus, who during this time helped Ilion synoikize several nearby communities, thus expanding the city's population and territory. | WIKI |
| [note 23] Lysimachus was defeated at the Battle of Corupedium in February 281 by Seleucus I Nikator, thus handing the Seleucid kingdom control of Asia Minor, and in August or September 281 when Seleucus passed through the Troad on his way to Lysimachia in the nearby Thracian Chersonese Ilion passed a decree in honour of him, indicating the city's new loyalties. | WIKI |
| [note 24] During this period Ilion still lacked proper city walls except for the crumbling Troy VI fortifications around the citadel, and in 278 during the Gallic invasion the city was easily sacked. | WIKI |
| A new city called Ilium (from Greek Ilion) was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. | WIKI |
| The city was destroyed by Sulla's rival, the Roman general Fimbria, in 85 BC following an eleven-day siege. | WIKI |
| [149] Later that year when Sulla had defeated Fimbria, he bestowed benefactions on Ilion for its loyalty which helped with to rebuild the city. | WIKI |
| [150] However, the city remained in financial distress for several decades despite its favoured status with Rome. | WIKI |
| In the 80s BC, Roman publicani illegally levied taxes on the sacred estates of Athena Ilias, and the city was required to call on L. Julius Caesar for restitution; while in 80 BC, the city suffered an attack by pirates. | WIKI |
| [153] Following the final defeat of Mithridates in 63xe2x80x9362, Pompey rewarded the city's loyalty by becoming the benefactor of Ilion and patron of Athena Ilias. | WIKI |
| [154] In 48 BC, Julius Caesar likewise bestowed benefactions on the city, recalling the city's loyalty during the Mithridatic Wars, the city's connection with his cousin L. Julius Caesar, and the family's claim that they were ultimately descended from Venus through the Trojan prince Aeneas and therefore shared kinship with the Ilians. | WIKI |
| In the last 15 years, it has become clear that a Lower City existed south of the mound in all prehistoric periods and extended to about 30 ha in the Late Bronze Age. | UNESCO |
| Troy II and Troy VI provide characteristic examples of an ancient oriental city in an Aegean context, with a majestic fortified citadel enclosing palaces and administrative buildings, surrounded by an extensive fortified lower town. | UNESCO |