Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Archaeological Site of Carthage' has mentioned 'Carthage' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| CarthageTop: Carthage Saint-louis Cathedral, Malik-ibn Anas Mosque, Middle: Carthage Palace, Bottom: Baths of Antoninus, Amphitheatre of Carthage (all items from left to right)Shown within TunisiaLocationTunisiaRegionTunis GovernorateCoordinates36xc2xb051xe2x80xb210xe2x80xb3N 10xc2xb019xe2x80xb224xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf36.8528xc2xb0N 10.3233xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 36.8528; 10.3233Coordinates: 36xc2xb051xe2x80xb210xe2x80xb3N 10xc2xb019xe2x80xb224xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf36.8528xc2xb0N 10.3233xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 36.8528; 10.3233 UNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeCulturalCriteriaii, iii, viDesignated1979 (3rd session)Referencexc2xa0no.37State Partyxc2xa0TunisiaRegionNorth Africa | WIKI |
| Carthage was the capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. | WIKI |
| Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classical world. | WIKI |
| The ancient city was destroyed by the Roman Republic in the Third Punic War in 146 BC and then re-developed as Roman Carthage, which became the major city of the Roman Empire in the province of Africa. | WIKI |
| The city was sacked and destroyed by Umayyad forces after the Battle of Carthage in 698 to prevent it from being reconquered by the Byzantine Empire. | WIKI |
| The regional power had shifted to Kairouan and the Medina of Tunis in the medieval period, until the early 20th century, when it began to develop into a coastal suburb of Tunis, incorporated as Carthage municipality in 1919. | WIKI |
| The Carthage National Museum was founded in 1875 by Cardinal Charles Lavigerie. | WIKI |
| [5][6] The open-air Carthage Paleo-Christian Museum has exhibits excavated under the auspices of UNESCO from 1975 to 1984. | WIKI |
| Play media Reconstruction of Carthage, capital of the Phoenicians | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Name 2 Topography, layout, and society 2.1 Overview 2.2 Layout 2.3 Society and local economy 3 Ancient history 3.1 Punic Republic 3.2 Roman Carthage 3.3 Islamic period 4 Modern history 4.1 Archaeological site 4.2 Commune 5 Trade and business 6 Constitution of state 7 Contemporary sources 8 In literature 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links | WIKI |
| The name Carthage /xcbx88kxc9x91xcbx90rxcexb8xc9xaadxcax92/ is the Early Modern anglicisation of Middle French Carthage /kar.taxcax92/,[7] from Latin Carthxc4x81gxc5x8d and Karthxc4x81gxc5x8d (cf. | WIKI |
| The Modern Standard Arabic form xd9x82xd8xb1xd8xb7xd8xa7xd8xac (Qarxe1xb9xadxc4x81j) is an adoption of French Carthage, replacing an older local toponym reported as Cartagenna that directly continued the Latin name. | WIKI |
| Modern reconstruction of Punic Carthage. | WIKI |
| The circular harbor at the front is the Cothon, the military port of Carthage, where all of Carthage's warships (Biremes) were anchored | WIKI |
| Carthage was built on a promontory with sea inlets to the north and the south. | WIKI |
| All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia, where Carthage was built, affording it great power and influence. | WIKI |
| Carthage was one of the largest cities of the Hellenistic period and was among the largest cities in preindustrial history. | WIKI |
| [11] According to the not-always-reliable history of Herodian, Carthage rivaled Alexandria for second place in the Roman empire. | WIKI |
| The layout of the Punic city-state Carthage, before its fall in 146 B.C. | WIKI |
| The Punic Carthage was divided into four equally sized residential areas with the same layout, had religious areas, market places, council house, towers, a theater, and a huge necropolis; roughly in the middle of the city stood a high citadel called the Byrsa. | WIKI |
| Surrounding Carthage were walls "of great strength" said in places to rise above 13 m, being nearly 10 m thick, according to ancient authors. | WIKI |
| Outside the city walls of Carthage is the Chora or farm lands of Carthage. | WIKI |
| The urban landscape of Carthage is known in part from ancient authors,[18] augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. | WIKI |
| As confirmed by archaeological excavations, Carthage was a "creation ex nihilo", built on 'virgin' land, and situated at what was then the end of a peninsula. | WIKI |
| "Thanks to this burial archaeology we know more about archaic Carthage than about any other contemporary city in the western Mediterranean." | WIKI |
| [19][20] The Roman poet Virgil (70xe2x80x9319 BC) imagined early Carthage, when his legendary character Aeneas had arrived there: | WIKI |
| Archaeological sites of modern Carthage | WIKI |
| It was the site of religious shrines, and the location of whatever were the major municipal buildings of Carthage. | WIKI |
| In this district of Carthage, more probably, the ruling suffets presided, the council of elders convened, the tribunal of the 104 met, and justice was dispensed at trials in the open air. | WIKI |
| [45] Carthage also produced objects of rare refinement. | WIKI |
| Archaeological Site of Carthage | WIKI |
| Due to the Roman's leveling of the city, the original Punic urban landscape of Carthage was largely lost. | WIKI |
| Since 1982, French archaeologist Serge Lancel excavated a residential area of the Punic Carthage on top of Byrsa hill near the Forum of the Roman Carthage. | WIKI |
| The neighborhood can be dated back to early second century BC, and with its houses, shops, and private spaces, is significant for what it reveals about daily life of the Punic Carthage. | WIKI |
| Archaeological Site of Carthage | WIKI |
| View of two columns at Carthage | WIKI |
| Punic culture and agricultural sciences, after arriving at Carthage from the eastern Mediterranean, gradually adapted to the local conditions. | WIKI |
| The merchant harbor at Carthage was developed after settlement of the nearby Punic town of Utica, and eventually the surrounding African countryside was brought into the orbit of the Punic urban centers, first commercially, then politically. | WIKI |
| Another modern historian opines that more often it was the urban merchant of Carthage who owned rural farming land to some profit, and also to retire there during the heat of summer. | WIKI |
| Yet within the Punic domain that surrounded the city-state of Carthage, there were ethnic divisions in addition to the usual quasi feudal distinctions between lord and peasant, or master and serf. | WIKI |
| [61] Yet for long periods Carthage was able to manage these social difficulties. | WIKI |
| [63] Carthage's agricultural production was held in high regard by the ancients, and rivaled that of Romexe2x80x94they were once competitors, e.g., over their olive harvests. | WIKI |
| Thereafter olive groves and vineyards were re-established around Carthage. | WIKI |
| 1st century BC), who enjoyed access to ancient writings later lost, and on which he based most of his writings, described agricultural land near the city of Carthage circa 310 BC: | WIKI |
| Greek cities contested with Carthage for the Western Mediterranean culminating in the Sicilian Wars and the Pyrrhic War over Sicily, while the Romans fought three wars against Carthage, known as the Punic Wars,[68][69] "Punic" meaning "Phoenician" in Latin, as Carthage was a Phoenician colony grown into a kingdom. | WIKI |
| Reports relay several wars with Syracuse and finally, Rome, which eventually resulted in the defeat and destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War. | WIKI |
| Ruins of Carthage | WIKI |
| The fall of Carthage came at the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BC at the Battle of Carthage. | WIKI |
| After the fall of Carthage, Rome annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies, including other North African locations such as Volubilis, Lixus, Chellah. | WIKI |
| [73] (The ritual of symbolically drawing a plow over the site of a city and spreading salt in the furrows as a curse against future reinhabitation is described in ancient sources, but not in reference to Carthage specifically. | WIKI |
| When Pope Boniface VIII destroyed Palestrina in 1299, he issued a papal bull that it be plowed "following the old example of Carthage in Africa" and also salted. | WIKI |
| [75] "I have run the plough over it, like the ancient Carthage of Africa, and I have had salt sown upon it...."[76] The text is not clear as to whether he thought Carthage was salted as well as plowed. | WIKI |
| At least since 1863,[77] English texts have claimed that the salting of Carthage occurred. | WIKI |
| Roman Carthage[edit] | WIKI |
| Roman Carthage City Center | WIKI |
| Layout of Roman Carthage | WIKI |
| Main article: Roman Carthage | WIKI |
| When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. | WIKI |
| This silt accumulated in the harbor until it became useless, and Rome was forced to rebuild Carthage. | WIKI |
| After this ill-fated attempt, a new city of Carthage was built on the same land by Julius Caesar in the period from 49 to 44 BC, and by the first century, it had grown to be the second-largest city in the western half of the Roman Empire, with a peak population of 500,000. | WIKI |
| Carthage also became a center of early Christianity (see Carthage (episcopal see)). | WIKI |
| In the first of a string of rather poorly reported councils at Carthage a few years later, no fewer than 70 bishops attended. | WIKI |
| The Christians at Carthage conducted persecutions against the pagans, during which the pagan temples, notably the famous Temple of Juno Caelesti, were destroyed. | WIKI |
| The Vandal Kingdom in 500, centered on Carthage | WIKI |
| The political fallout from the deep disaffection of African Christians is supposedly a crucial factor in the ease with which Carthage and the other centers were captured in the fifth century by Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, who defeated the Roman general Bonifacius and made the city the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. | WIKI |
| The Vandals during their conquest are said to have destroyed parts of Carthage by Victor Vitensis in Historia Persecutionis Africanae Provincia including various buildings and churches. | WIKI |
| In the early seventh century Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage, overthrew the Byzantine emperor Phocas, whereupon his son Heraclius succeeded to the imperial throne. | WIKI |
| In 695, Hassan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage and advanced into the Atlas Mountains. | WIKI |
| An imperial fleet arrived and retook Carthage, but in 698, Hasan ibn al-Nu'man returned and defeated Emperor Tiberios III at the 698 Battle of Carthage. | WIKI |
| Fearing that the Byzantine Empire might reconquer it, they decided to destroy Roman Carthage in a scorched earth policy and establish their headquarters somewhere else. | WIKI |
| It is visible from archaeological evidence, that the town of Carthage continued to be occupied. | WIKI |
| [3] Constantine the African was born in Carthage. | WIKI |
| Carthage remained a residential see until the high medieval period, mentioned in two letters of Pope Leo IX dated 1053,[84] written in reply to consultations regarding a conflict between the bishops of Carthage and Gummi. | WIKI |
| In each of the two letters, Pope Leo declares that, after the Bishop of Rome, the first archbishop and chief metropolitan of the whole of Africa is the bishop of Carthage. | WIKI |
| Later, an archbishop of Carthage named Cyriacus was imprisoned by the Arab rulers because of an accusation by some Christians. | WIKI |
| The fortress of Carthage was used by the Muslims until Hafsid era and was captured by the Crusaders during the Eighth Crusade. | WIKI |
| The inhabitants of Carthage were slaughtered by the Crusaders after they took it, and it was used as a base of operations against the Hafsids. | WIKI |
| The first published sketch of artefacts from Carthage xe2x80x93 mostly Carthaginian tombstones. | WIKI |
| This was published in Jean Emile Humbert's Notice sur quatre cippes sxc3xa9pulcraux et deux fragments, dxc3xa9couverts en 1817, sur le sol de l'ancienne Carthage. | WIKI |
| Historical map of the Tunis area (1903), showing St. Louis of Carthage between Sidi Bou Said and Le Kram. | WIKI |
| Carthage is some 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) east-northeast of Tunis; the settlements nearest to Carthage were the town of Sidi Bou Said to the north and the village of Le Kram to the south. | WIKI |
| He "saw himself as the reviver of the ancient Christian Church of Africa, the Church of Cyprian of Carthage",[87] and, on 10 November 1884, was successful in his great ambition of having the metropolitan see of Carthage restored, with himself as its first archbishop. | WIKI |
| [88] In line with the declaration of Pope Leo IX in 1053, Pope Leo XIII acknowledged the revived Archdiocese of Carthage as the primatial see of Africa and Lavigerie as primate. | WIKI |
| The Acropolium of Carthage (Saint Louis Cathedral of Carthage) was erected on Byrsa hill in 1884. | WIKI |
| Auguste Audollent divides the area of Roman Carthage into four quarters, Cartagenna, Dermxc3xa8che, Byrsa and La Malga. | WIKI |
| Cartagenna and Dermxc3xa8che correspond with the lower city, including the site of Punic Carthage; Byrsa is associated with the upper city, which in Punic times was a walled citadel above the harbour; and La Malga is linked with the more remote parts of the upper city in Roman times. | WIKI |
| French-led excavations at Carthage began in 1921, and from 1923 reported finds of a large quantity of urns containing a mixture of animal and children's bones. | WIKI |
| Renxc3xa9 Dussaud identified a 4th-century BC stela found in Carthage as depicting a child sacrifice. | WIKI |
| While evidence of child sacrifice in Canaan was the object of academic disagreement, with some scholars arguing that merely children's cemeteries had been unearthed in Carthage, the mixture of children's with animal bones as well as associated epigraphic evidence involving mention of mlk led some to believe that, at least in Carthage, child sacrifice was indeed common practice. | WIKI |
| In the 1950s the Lycxc3xa9e Franxc3xa7ais de Carthage was established to serve French families in Carthage. | WIKI |
| In 1961 it was given to the Tunisian government as part of the Independence of Tunisia, so the nearby Collxc3xa8ge Maurice Cailloux in La Marsa, previously an annex of the Lycxc3xa9e Franxc3xa7ais de Carthage, was renamed to the Lycxc3xa9e Franxc3xa7ais de La Marsa and began serving the lycxc3xa9e level. | WIKI |
| [103] If Carthage is not the capital, it tends to be the political pole, a xc2xabxc2xa0place of emblematic powerxc2xa0xc2xbb according to Sophie Bessis,[104] leaving to Tunis the economic and administrative roles. | WIKI |
| The suburb has six train stations of the TGM line between Le Kram and Sidi Bou Said: Carthage Salammbo (named for Salambo, the fictional daughter of Hamilcar), Carthage Byrsa (named for Byrsa hill), Carthage Dermech (Dermxc3xa8che), Carthage Hannibal (named for Hannibal), Carthage Prxc3xa9sidence (named for the Presidential Palace) and Carthage Amilcar (named for Hamilcar). | WIKI |
| The merchants of Carthage were in part heirs of the Mediterranean trade developed by Phoenicia, and so also heirs of the rivalry with Greek merchants. | WIKI |
| The Phoenicians then had ventured into the western Mediterranean, founding trading posts, including Utica and Carthage. | WIKI |
| [106][107] Although Greek-made merchandise was generally considered superior in design, Carthage also produced trade goods in abundance. | WIKI |
| That Carthage came to function as a manufacturing colossus was shown during the Third Punic War with Rome. | WIKI |
| Carthage, which had previously disarmed, then was made to face the fatal Roman siege. | WIKI |
| [Carthage] each day produced one hundred and forty finished shields, three hundred swords, five hundred spears, and one thousand missiles for the catapults... . | WIKI |
| Furthermore, [Carthage although surrounded by the Romans] built one hundred and twenty decked ships in two months... for old timber had been stored away in readiness, and a large number of skilled workmen, maintained at public expense. | WIKI |
| The textiles industry in Carthage probably started in private homes, but the existence of professional weavers indicates that a sort of factory system later developed. | WIKI |
| Trade routes of Phoenicia (Byblos, Sidon, Tyre) & Carthage | WIKI |
| State protection was extended to its sea traders by the Phoenician city of Tyre and later likewise by the daughter city-state of Carthage. | WIKI |
| [112] Stxc3xa9phane Gsell, the well-regarded French historian of ancient North Africa, summarized the major principles guiding the civic rulers of Carthage with regard to its policies for trade and commerce: | WIKI |
| to open and maintain markets for its merchants, whether by entering into direct contact with foreign peoples using either treaty negotiations or naval power, or by providing security for isolated trading stations the reservation of markets exclusively for the merchants of Carthage, or where competition could not be eliminated, to regulate trade by state-sponsored agreements with its commercial rivals suppression of piracy, and promotion of Carthage's ability to freely navigate the seas[113] | WIKI |
| Strabo (63BC-AD21) the Greek geographer wrote that before its fall (in 146 BC) Carthage enjoyed a population of 700,000, and directed an alliance of 300 cities. | WIKI |
| [117] The Greek historian Polybius (c.203xe2x80x93120) referred to Carthage as "the wealthiest city in the world". | WIKI |
| Idealized depiction of Carthage from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle. | WIKI |
| Aristotle (384xe2x80x93322) discusses Carthage in his work, Politica; he begins: "The Carthaginians are also considered to have an excellent form of government." | WIKI |
| Evidently Carthage also had an institution of elders who advised the Suffets, similar to a Greek gerusia or the Roman Senate. | WIKI |
| Popular assemblies also existed at Carthage. | WIKI |
| The Greeks were favourably impressed by the constitution of Carthage; Aristotle had a separate study of it made which unfortunately is lost. | WIKI |
| In his Politica he states: "The government of Carthage is oligarchical, but they successfully escape the evils of oligarchy by enriching one portion of the people after another by sending them to their colonies." | WIKI |
| Here one may remember that the city-state of Carthage, who citizens were mainly Libyphoenicians (of Phoenician ancestry born in Africa), dominated and exploited an agricultural countryside composed mainly of native Berber sharecroppers and farmworkers, whose affiliations to Carthage were open to divergent possibilities. | WIKI |
| In the brief, uneven review of government at Carthage found in his Politica Aristotle mentions several faults. | WIKI |
| In Carthage the people seemed politically satisfied and submissive, according to the historian Warmington. | WIKI |
| Popular influence over government appears not to have been an issue at Carthage. | WIKI |
| Carthage was very stable; there were few openings for tyrants. | WIKI |
| Only after defeat by Rome devastated Punic imperial ambitions did the people of Carthage seem to question their governance and to show interest in political reform. | WIKI |
| Although the Roman Scipio Africanus resisted such manoeuvre, eventually intervention by Rome forced Hannibal to leave Carthage. | WIKI |
| Thus, corrupt city officials efficiently blocked Hannibal in his efforts to reform the government of Carthage. | WIKI |
| Mago (6th century) was King of Carthage; the head of state, war leader, and religious figurehead. | WIKI |
| Carthage was founded by the king of Tyre who had a royal monopoly on this trading venture. | WIKI |
| Thus it was the royal authority stemming from this traditional source of power that the King of Carthage possessed. | WIKI |
| Later, as other Phoenician ship companies entered the trading region, and so associated with the city-state, the King of Carthage had to keep order among a rich variety of powerful merchants in their negotiations among themselves and over risky commerce across the Mediterranean. | WIKI |
| Yet it was not until the aristocrats of Carthage became wealthy owners of agricultural lands in Africa that a council of elders was institutionalized at Carthage. | WIKI |
| Most ancient literature concerning Carthage comes from Greek and Roman sources as Carthage's own documents were destroyed by the Romans. | WIKI |
| Yet some Punic books (Latin: libri punici) from the libraries of Carthage reportedly did survive the fires. | WIKI |
| [151][152] Over a century after the fall of Carthage, the Roman politician-turned-author Gaius Sallustius Crispus or Sallust (86xe2x80x9334) reported his having seen volumes written in Punic, which books were said to be once possessed by the Berber king, Hiempsal II (r. | WIKI |
| Probably some of Hiempsal II's libri punici, that had escaped the fires that consumed Carthage in 146 BC, wound up later in the large royal library of his grandson Juba II (r.25 BC-AD 24). | WIKI |
| [160] It may have been Juba II who 'discovered' the five-centuries-old 'log book' of Hanno the Navigator, called the Periplus, among library documents saved from fallen Carthage. | WIKI |
| In the end, however, most Punic writings that survived the destruction of Carthage "did not escape the immense wreckage in which so many of Antiquity's literary works perished. | WIKI |
| "[164] Accordingly, the long and continuous interactions between Punic citizens of Carthage and the Berber communities that surrounded the city have no local historian. | WIKI |
| Neither side has left us their stories about life in Punic-era Carthage. | WIKI |
| Regarding Phoenician writings, few remain and these seldom refer to Carthage. | WIKI |
| Thus, of their ancient writings we have little of major interest left to us by Carthage, or by Phoenicia the country of origin of the city founders. | WIKI |
| As noted, the celebrated ancient books on agriculture written by Mago of Carthage survives only via quotations in Latin from several later Roman works. | WIKI |
| The scant remains of what was once a great city are reflected upon in Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem, Carthage, published in 1836 with quotes from Sir Grenville Temple's Journal. | WIKI |
| Wikisource has original text related to this article: Carthage,a poem by L. E. L. | WIKI |
| Founded by the Phoenicians, Carthage is an extensive archaeological site, located on a hill dominating the Gulf of Tunis and the surrounding plain. | UNESCO |
| Metropolis of Punic civilization in Africa and capital of the province of Africa in Roman times, Carthage has played a central role in Antiquity as a great commercial empire. | UNESCO |
| During the lengthy Punic wars, Carthage occupied the territories that belonged to Rome, which then destroyed its rival in 146 AD. | UNESCO |
| Founded at the end of the 9th century BC by Elyssa-Dido and having sheltered the mythical love of Dido and Aeneas, Carthage produced a warrior and strategy genius in the person of Hannibal, the navigator-explorer Hannon, and a famous agronomist, Magon. | UNESCO |
| Carthage has always nourished universal imagination through its historic and literary renown. | UNESCO |
| The major known components of the site of Carthage are the acropolis of Byrsa, the Punic ports, the Punic tophet, the necropolises, theatre, amphitheatre, circus, residential area, basilicas, the Antonin baths, Malaga cisterns and the archaeological reserve. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): Phoenician foundation linked to Tyre and Roman refoundation on the orders of Julius Cesar, Carthage was also the capital of a Vandal kingdom and the Byzantine province of Africa. | UNESCO |
| Outstanding place of blossoming and diffusion of several cultures that succeeded one another (Phoenico-Punic, Roman, Paleochristian and Arab); Carthage has exercised considerable influence on the development of the arts, architecture and town planning in the Mediterranean. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The site of Carthage bears exceptional testimony to the Phoenico-Punic civilization being at the time the central hub in the western basin of the Mediterranean. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (vi): The historic and literary renown of Carthage has always nourished the universal imagination. | UNESCO |
| The site of Carthage is notably associated with the home of the legendary princess of Tyre, Elyssa-Dido, founder of the town, sung about by Virgil in the Aeneid; with the great navigator-explorer, Hannon, with Hannibal, one of the greatest military strategists of history, with writers such as Apulxc3xa9e, founder of Latin-African literature, with the martyr of Saint Cyprien and with Saint Augustin who trained and made several visits there. | UNESCO |
| Although its integrity has been partially altered by uncontrolled urban sprawl during the first half of the 20th century, the site of Carthage has essentially retained the elements that characterise the antique town: urban network, meeting place (forum), recreation (theatre), leisure (baths), worship (temples), residential area, etc. | UNESCO |
| Restoration and maintenance work carried out over the years is in accordance with the standards of international charters and has not damaged the authenticity of the monuments and remains of the site of Carthage. | UNESCO |
| The site of Carthage benefits from the listing of a large number of its remains as historic monuments (since 1885). | UNESCO |
| Its protection is also guaranteed by Decree 85-1246 of 7 October 1985 concerning the listing of the Carthage-Sidi Bou-Said site, Law 35-1994 concerning the protection of archaeological and historic heritage and of traditional arts, and by the Order of 16 September 1996 for the creation of the cultural site of Carthage. | UNESCO |