Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua' has mentioned 'Quiriguá' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Quiriguxc3xa1Stela D, north side, from Quiriguxc3xa1, representing king K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat[1]Location within MesoamericaLocationIzabal Department, GuatemalaCoordinates15xc2xb016xe2x80xb210xe2x80xb3N 89xc2xb02xe2x80xb225xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf15.26944xc2xb0N 89.04028xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 15.26944; -89.04028HistoryPeriodsLate Preclassic to Early PostclassicCulturesMaya civilization UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameArchaeological Park and Ruins of Quiriguxc3xa1TypeCulturalCriteriai, ii, ivDesignated1981 (5th session)Referencexc2xa0no.149State PartyGuatemalaRegionLatin America and the Caribbean | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 (Spanish pronunciation:xc2xa0[kixc9xbeixcbx88xc9xa3wa]) is an ancient Maya archaeological site in the department of Izabal in south-eastern Guatemala. | WIKI |
| [3] During the Maya Classic Period (ADxc2xa0200xe2x80x93900), Quiriguxc3xa1 was situated at the juncture of several important trade routes. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 shares its architectural and sculptural styles with the nearby Classic Period city of Copxc3xa1n, with whose history it is closely entwined. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1's rapid expansion in the 8th century was tied to king K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat's military victory over Copxc3xa1n in 738. | WIKI |
| When the greatest king of Copxc3xa1n, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil or "18-Rabbit", was defeated, he was captured and then sacrificed in the Great Plaza at Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| [5] Before this, Quiriguxc3xa1 had been a vassal state of Copxc3xa1n, but it maintained its independence afterwards. | WIKI |
| The ceremonial architecture at Quiriguxc3xa1 is quite modest, but the site's importance lies in its wealth of sculpture, including the tallest stone monumental sculpture ever erected in the New World. | WIKI |
| The southern Maya area, showing the locations of Quiriguxc3xa1 and Copxc3xa1n | WIKI |
| The location of Quiriguxc3xa1 on the Motagua River, with relation to sources of jade | WIKI |
| The archaeological site of Quiriguxc3xa1 is named after the nearby village of the same name,[7] and is located a little over 200xc2xa0km (120xc2xa0mi) northeast of Guatemala City;[8] it lies in the municipality of Los Amates in the department of Izabal and has an elevation of 75xc2xa0m (246xc2xa0ft) above mean sea level. | WIKI |
| Positioned on the north bank of the lower reaches of the Motagua River, Quiriguxc3xa1 is situated at the point where the valley broadens into a flood plain, which has exposed the site to periodic flooding over the centuries. | WIKI |
| [3] Quiriguxc3xa1 is 48xc2xa0km (30xc2xa0mi) north of Copxc3xa1n,[6] and is located 15.7xc2xa0km (9.8xc2xa0mi) north-west of the international border with Honduras. | WIKI |
| This local sandstone is very strong and not prone to shearing or fracturing, allowing the sculptors at Quiriguxc3xa1 to erect the tallest freestanding stone monuments in the Americas. | WIKI |
| [12] Quiriguxc3xa1 was built directly over the Motagua Fault and the city suffered damage in ancient times as a result of major earthquakes. | WIKI |
| Although the Quiriguxc3xa1 elite were clearly Maya in ethnicity,[14] the site lies on the southern periphery of the Mesoamerican area and the population was at least bi-ethnic,[15] with ethnic Maya in a minority. | WIKI |
| [18] The low population density indicates that Quiriguxc3xa1 served as the focus for a dispersed rural population. | WIKI |
| The population levels of the Quiriguxc3xa1 valley increased rapidly after the successful rebellion against Copxc3xa1n in 738, although it was never a heavily populated site. | WIKI |
| The Motagua River flows down from the western Guatemalan highlands, and Quiriguxc3xa1 was ideally positioned to control the trade of uncut jade, the majority of which was found in the middle reaches of the Motagua Valley,[21] as well as controlling the flow of other important commodities up and down the river such as cacao, which was produced as a local cash crop. | WIKI |
| In the Classic Period, the location of the site would have placed Quiriguxc3xa1 on a crossroads between the trading route from the highlands to the Caribbean coast and the route from Copxc3xa1n to the major cities of the Petxc3xa9n Basin. | WIKI |
| As recorded on hieroglyphic inscriptions at Quiriguxc3xa1, all dates are AD. | WIKI |
| There is evidence that Quiriguxc3xa1 was occupied as early as the Late Preclassic (400xc2xa0BCxc2xa0xe2x80x93 ADxc2xa0200). | WIKI |
| [11] Early Classic ceramics from Quiriguxc3xa1 are similar to finds at both Copxc3xa1n and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, while jade hunchback figurines from the same period resemble those found in central Honduras and in the Guatemalan highlands. | WIKI |
| These early finds demonstrate the participation of Quiriguxc3xa1 in the wider southeastern Maya region from the Late Preclassic onwards. | WIKI |
| A combination of hieroglyphic texts from Tikal, Copxc3xa1n and Quiriguxc3xa1, together with architectural styles and chemical tests of the bones of the founder of the Copxc3xa1n dynasty all suggest that Quiriguxc3xa1 and Copxc3xa1n were founded by elite colonists from the great city of Tikal as a part of its expansion into the southeastern border area of the Maya region. | WIKI |
| [32][33][34] The recorded history of Quiriguxc3xa1 starts in 426, in the Early Classic (c.xc2xa0200xc2xa0xe2x80x93 c.xc2xa0600); according to hieroglyphic inscriptions at other sites, on 5xc2xa0September of that year K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' was enthroned as king of Copxc3xa1n. | WIKI |
| [35] Just three days later he installed "Tok Casper", the first known king of Quiriguxc3xa1, upon the throne. | WIKI |
| [28] From this it is evident that right from the beginning of its recorded history Quiriguxc3xa1 was subservient to its southern neighbour, and was founded to bring the lucrative trade route of the Motagua River under the control of Copxc3xa1n and, indirectly, of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [28] During the next few centuries, about which little is known, the ceremonial architecture at Quiriguxc3xa1 was limited to the hilltop Group A and a broad earthen platform on the valley floor. | WIKI |
| [28] It is recorded that a stela, as yet undiscovered, was erected in 455 by Tutuum Yohl K'inich, the second king of Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| [36] An early monument records the supervision of a ritual in 480 by the then overlord from Copxc3xa1n, demonstrating Quiriguxc3xa1's continued status as a vassal of that city. | WIKI |
| A hieroglyphic text dating to 493 mentions two further kings of Quiriguxc3xa1, but interruptions in the text make the reading and decipherment of their names particularly difficult. | WIKI |
| There are close parallels between the 5th-century architecture and monuments of Quiriguxc3xa1 and Uaxactun in the northern Petxc3xa9n, a site that fell under the domination of Tikal in the late 4th century. | WIKI |
| The similarities show that Quiriguxc3xa1 remained strongly aligned with the great Tikal alliance network. | WIKI |
| Stela from Quiriguxc3xa1 depicting a queen trampling a captive, ca 653, MUNAE, Guatemala City | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 suffered a hiatus from the turn of the 6th century that lasted through to the middle of the 7th century. | WIKI |
| There is evidence that Quiriguxc3xa1 suffered an attack by unknown enemies in this period, as demonstrated by the apparently deliberate defacement of Stela U and Monumentxc2xa026, characteristic of damage inflicted by invading warriors. | WIKI |
| The earthen platform on the valley floor also continued in use, at least those parts of it that stood above the silt, and it was one of the site's smaller complexes that grew to become the new centre of Quiriguxc3xa1, as represented by the monuments visible to this day. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 traditionally had been subordinate to its southern neighbour, Copxc3xa1n, and in 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, king of Copxc3xa1n, installed K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat upon Quiriguxc3xa1's throne as his vassal. | WIKI |
| [39][40] As early as 734, however, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat had shown that he was no longer an obedient subordinate of Copxc3xa1n when he started to refer to himself as k'ul ahaw, holy lord, instead of using the lesser term ahaw, subordinate lord; at the same time he began to use his own Quiriguxc3xa1 emblem glyph. | WIKI |
| [39] These early assertions of independence can only have been made if Quiriguxc3xa1 had managed to form an external alliance. | WIKI |
| The timing of this visit by the king of Calakmul is highly significant, falling between the accession of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat to the throne of Quiriguxc3xa1 as a vassal of Copxc3xa1n and the outright rebellion that was to follow. | WIKI |
| This strongly suggests that Calakmul sponsored Quiriguxc3xa1's rebellion in order to weaken Tikal and to gain access to the rich trade route of the Motagua Valley. | WIKI |
| [40][42] It is likely that contact with Calakmul had been initiated soon after K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne, since Quiriguxc3xa1 experienced rapid growth soon after, suggesting that Quiriguxc3xa1 already was receiving external support. | WIKI |
| In 738 the interlinked fortunes of Quiriguxc3xa1 and Copxc3xa1n took a stunning change of direction when K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, reigning lord of Quiriguxc3xa1, captured the powerful, but elderly 13th king of Copxc3xa1n, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil,[43] who had installed him on his throne in 725. | WIKI |
| [22] This coup does not seem to have affected either Copxc3xa1n or Quiriguxc3xa1 physically, there is no evidence that either city was attacked at this time and the victor seems not to have received any detectable tribute. | WIKI |
| [44][45] Quiriguxc3xa1 seems rather to have gained its independence and the control of important trade routes. | WIKI |
| [44] An inscription at Quiriguxc3xa1, although difficult to interpret, suggests that the capture took place on 27 April 738, when Quiriguxc3xa1 seized and burned the wooden images of Copxc3xa1n's patron deities. | WIKI |
| It has been suggested that the king of Copxc3xa1n was attempting to attack another site in order to secure captives for sacrifice, and was ambushed by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat and his Quiriguxc3xa1 warriors. | WIKI |
| The captured lord was taken back to Quiriguxc3xa1 and on 3 May 738 he was decapitated in a public ritual. | WIKI |
| [46][47] The sacrificial offering of the blood of such a powerful overlord greatly enhanced the standing of Quiriguxc3xa1 and its royal family throughout the region and it proclaimed Quiriguxc3xa1 as the new capital of the south-eastern Maya region. | WIKI |
| [39][47] After this, Quiriguxc3xa1 engaged in a major monument-building programme, closely mimicking the sculptural style of Copxc3xa1n, possibly using captured Copxc3xa1n sculptors to carry out the work. | WIKI |
| [46] The population of Quiriguxc3xa1 and of other sites in the valley rapidly increased after the events of 738, although Quiriguxc3xa1 was always a small centre and its total population probably never exceeded 2,000. | WIKI |
| The fact that Copxc3xa1n, a much more powerful city than Quiriguxc3xa1, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. | WIKI |
| Calakmul itself was far enough away from Quiriguxc3xa1 that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under its power as a full vassal state, even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to help in the defeat of Copxc3xa1n. | WIKI |
| The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage, Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguxc3xa1 gained its independence. | WIKI |
| After the king of Copxc3xa1n was sacrificed in 738, Xkuy seems to have become a loyal vassal of Quiriguxc3xa1 and in 762 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat supervised the accession of "Sunraiser Jaguar" to the subservient city's throne. | WIKI |
| "Skyxc2xa0Xul" became the reigning lord of Quiriguxc3xa1 78xc2xa0days after the death of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who is thought to have been his father. | WIKI |
| In most of the Maya region cities already were suffering terminal decline, engulfed by the Classic Maya collapse, but in Quiriguxc3xa1 "Skyxc2xa0Xul" dedicated three great zoomorph sculptures and two altars, considered marvels of Maya stoneworking. | WIKI |
| Little is known of "Jade Sky", who succeeded "Sky Xul" and was the last recorded ruler of Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 apparently retained its independence from Copxc3xa1n and continued to flourish until the beginning of the 9th century. | WIKI |
| [57] Relations between the two cities had improved somewhat by 810, when king Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat of Copxc3xa1n visited Quiriguxc3xa1 in order to carry out a k'atun-ending ritual. | WIKI |
| [58][59] However, 810 was also the year when the last hieroglyphic texts were raised at Quiriguxc3xa1, although a reduced level of construction continued in the city centre. | WIKI |
| [60] After this, Quiriguxc3xa1 falls into silence, engulfed by the greater phenomenon of the Classic Maya collapsexc2xa0xe2x80x93 it had lost its reason for existence when trade no longer flowed along the Motagua;[61] within a few years Quiriguxc3xa1 was all but deserted and sites throughout the Motagua Valley suffered severe decline or abandonment. | WIKI |
| In the early Postclassic Period (c. 900 xe2x80x93 c. 1200), Quiriguxc3xa1 was occupied by peoples closely linked to the Caribbean coastal areas of the Yucatxc3xa1n Peninsula and Belize, perhaps due to Chontal Maya control of a trade network that included the Yucatxc3xa1n coast and the Motagua Valley. | WIKI |
| [63] Some copper bells and ornaments were recovered from Quiriguxc3xa1, they are among the earliest finds of metal artifacts in the Maya area. | WIKI |
| The first European visitor to publish an account of Quiriguxc3xa1 was English architect and artist Frederick Catherwood, who reached the ruins in 1840. | WIKI |
| Stephens had other duties to attend to, but Catherwood was able to accompany the Payxc3xa9s brothers to Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 was the first site that Stephens and Catherwood could claim to have discovered themselves. | WIKI |
| Explorer and archaeologist Alfred Maudslay visited Quiriguxc3xa1 for three days in 1881; they were the first pre-Columbian ruins that he saw and they were sufficiently impressive to inspire him to take up a permanent interest in Central American archaeology. | WIKI |
| In 1910, the United Fruit Company bought Quiriguxc3xa1 and all the land for a great distance around the site for banana production; they set aside 75 acres (30xc2xa0ha) around the ceremonial centre as an archaeological park, leaving an island of jungle among the plantations. | WIKI |
| [3][69] Duplicates of the stelae of Quiriguxc3xa1 made from Hewitt's plaster casts of the originals were exhibited at the Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, California, in 1915. | WIKI |
| [70] The Carnegie Institution conducted several intermittent projects at Quiriguxc3xa1 from 1915 through 1934. | WIKI |
| [69] Aldous Huxley, writing after visiting the site in the early 1930s, noted that Quiriguxc3xa1's stelae commemorated "man's triumph over time and matter and the triumph of time and matter over man. | WIKI |
| "[71] Quiriguxc3xa1 was among the first Maya archaeological sites to be studied intensively, although little restoration was carried out and the ruins once again became overgrown with jungle. | WIKI |
| Quiriguxc3xa1 was declared a National Monument in 1970 under Ministerial Accord 1210, this was followed on 19xc2xa0June 1974 by its declaration as an Archaeological Park under Governmental Accord 35-74. | WIKI |
| From 1974 through 1979, an extensive archaeological project was conducted at Quiriguxc3xa1 sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania, the National Geographic Society, and the Guatemalan Instituto de Antropologxc3xada e Historia. | WIKI |
| [3][69][73] It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981, and in 1999 UNESCO approved one-off funding of US$27,248 for "emergency assistance for the rehabilitation of the archaeological site of Quiriguxc3xa1". | WIKI |
| The 34-hectare (84-acre) area included within the Archaeological Park of Quiriguxc3xa1 has been developed for tourism with the construction of a car park, site museum, and sanitation facilities and is open to the public on a daily basis. | WIKI |
| The Great Plaza of Quiriguxc3xa1, originally laid out by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat; view is from the acropolis looking north | WIKI |
| After Quiriguxc3xa1's pivotal victory over Copxc3xa1n in 738, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat rebuilt the main group in the image of Copxc3xa1n itself. | WIKI |
| [80] The acropolis is the largest architectural complex at Quiriguxc3xa1, it lies at the southern limit of the ceremonial centre of the city. | WIKI |
| Both the exterior and internal glyphs bear the last known date recorded at Quiriguxc3xa1, falling in June 810. | WIKI |
| This is the largest building at Quiriguxc3xa1 and its walls are still standing. | WIKI |
| [93] Locus 011 and Locus 057 may have been watchposts, they were situated at the points where the Quiriguxc3xa1 and the Jubuco rivers entered the Motagua Valley and may have been used to control passing traffic on these routes. | WIKI |
| Elaborate full-figure hieroglyphs on the west side of Quiriguxc3xa1 Stela D[100] | WIKI |
| The monuments at Quiriguxc3xa1 include unusually large stelae elaborately carved from single blocks of red sandstone, brought from quarries 5 kilometres (3xc2xa0mi) away. | WIKI |
| [101] After the defeat and execution of the king of Copxc3xa1n in 738, the sculptural style of Quiriguxc3xa1 closely resembled that of its former overlord. | WIKI |
| [57] However, by the latter part of the 8th century Quiriguxc3xa1 had developed an original style with the production of boulders elaborately sculpted into the forms of composite mythological animals bearing elements of toads, jaguars, crocodiles, and birds of prey; these sculptures are referred to as zoomorphs and were completed by two later kings after the death of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat in 785. | WIKI |
| There also are various altars and sculptures used as decoration in the facades of buildings; most Quiriguxc3xa1 monuments have a grand formal monumentality that is rather stiff compared to the naturalistic grace of the art of some other Maya sites. | WIKI |
| Stela E at Quiriguxc3xa1, possibly the largest freestanding stone monument in the New World[6] | WIKI |
| The text of this monument describes the death and burial of Quiriguxc3xa1's greatest king. | WIKI |
| The importance of this monument lies in its text, in which this preeminent king of Quiriguxc3xa1 claimed the title of k'uhul ajaw, holy lord, and began his bid for independence from Copxc3xa1n. | WIKI |
| [123] A hieroglyphic text on the zoomorph describes the founding of Quiriguxc3xa1 under the supervision of the king of Copxc3xa1n. | WIKI |
| [99] Stelaxc2xa0S is 2.8 metres (9xc2xa0ft) high (not including the part of the stela buried in the ground) and the dimensions of the base are 1.6 metres (5.2xc2xa0ft) by 1.2 metres (3.9xc2xa0ft), making it the earliest of the huge stelae that were to characterise Quiriguxc3xa1, although it is significantly smaller than those that were to follow. | WIKI |
| A date corresponding to 493 is contained in the hieroglyphic text on its back, this text mentions the third and fourth rulers of Quiriguxc3xa1 but their names are currently unreadable. | WIKI |
| They were found together in a modern drainage ditch to the north and northwest of the ceremonial centre of Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |